Technological Innovations During World War One - 1865 Words

How Significant were Technological Innovations during World War One? World War One brought a completely new form of warfare. Gone were the old ways of cavalry and slow firing bolt-action rifles. The war symbolised a change in the way we understand and fight wars. Leon Trotsky said that ‘War is the locomotive of history’. This was certainly true. The war was a catalyst for change. I am going to highlight three areas in which technological innovations made an impact – the development of submarines, the use of gas and the building of railways. I have chosen these three examples to demonstrate the different ways in which technological innovations affected the course of World War One. Gas had a huge psychological impact on the soldiers; submarines had a great economic impact, and the railways allowed the war to be fought on a vast scale never seen before. Significance can be understood in many different ways. I am going to understand significance by establishing criteria that will measure significance. These are – tactical, military, psychological, economic and social significances. I believe that the most important measure of significance in World War One is the social significance because in this war of attrition numbers killed was of great importance. The technological innovation of the submarine was most significant from an economic perspective because it was crucial in stopping the flow of supplies across the sea. The submarines’ impact was felt both during the war, butShow MoreRelatedMilitary Capability During Peacetime Innovation1397 Words   |  6 Pages Resources, accurate innovation, political support, and privatized development are four crucial factors for enhancing military capability during peacetime innovation. Therefore, countries that effectively manage internal resources, and are funded through political support will often be at the forefront of military development. Moreover, accurate innovation is essential in ensuring that innovated technology aligns with the required capabilities to defend the nation. Therefore, countriesRead MoreHuman Progress in the Twentieth Century Despite Two World Wars953 Words   |  4 Pages The world in the 20th century went through the destruction of World War I and World War II and the hazard of a nuclear war in the course of the Cold War and coped to revolutionize themselves with essential developments within their societies. The world, as a whole, has advanced more than it has suffered during the turbulent 20th century because of the advancements of innovations and human right, despite the demolition of the two World Wars. The 20th century inflicted the greatest suffering to theRead MoreTechnology And World Civilization : A Thousand Year History1503 Words   |  7 Pages Technology in World Civilization: A Thousand Year History written by physicist and historian Arnold Pacey explains his unique â€Å"global view† of the evolution of technology differing from the common Eurocentric view of this topic dating back to Greek civilizations. The book is consisted of eleven chapters that chronologically depict the creative inventions in technology throughout several cultures across time in history, starting from the early days in 700 A.D. to the very recent historical eventsRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution Of The Middle East1071 Words   |  5 Pagescomplicated system of war. From Gangas Khan to America’s involvement in the Middle East, all successful generals, military leaders, and conquerors have found commonality in their zealous emphasis on, and desire for, possessing the most techno logically advanced forms of weaponry. Such a desire was not ignored in America nor England during the Industrial Revolution, but, rather, was seen by many as an opportune investment during a time of extraordinarily progressive innovation. With this in mind theRead Moreâ€Å"The Greatest Generation†: A Study of World War II Technology800 Words   |  4 PagesGeneration†: A Study of World War II Technology To some, World War II may seem like a great war that happened a long time ago, a war where however great the innovations during the war were, they are much out of date now, and so they have no impact on today’s world. But to another, who understand the world and how it grows, realize that wherever a nation is, it is in that position because of its history. This means that without all of the improvements of technology during World War II, the world as we know itRead MoreThe Most Important Qualities That A Military Organization1116 Words   |  5 Pagesorganization should possess to innovate effectively during peacetime? The weary aspect of warfare in the World War I made it complicated to verify who the successful is or if there was really a winner. This is obvious that the remarkable circumstances encouraged the US and European powers to bring a tremendous change in their army units and obtain new equipment in order to achieve a comprehensive and sustainable victory in the context of wars. New technology and doctrine were the most importantRead MoreEssay on Naval Aviation 1644 Words   |  7 PagesNaval Aviation Throughout the history of Naval Aviation, one can see a growing force. As new technology and innovations arose and advanced, Naval Aviation improved as well. In times of war and peace, through training and dedication, naval aviators improved their abilities and tactics to produce the fighting force it is today. If by chance, the â€Å"revolt of the admirals† had failed, the United States Military would not be what it is today and the Navy could not have the liberty of enjoyingRead MoreThe Years 1918-1939, Which Separate World War I From World1545 Words   |  7 PagesThe years 1918-1939, which separate World War I from World War II, witnessed profound changes in how technologically advanced military organizations would fight. In most of the cases, during peacetime, military innovation, and technological developments played an empowering or helping role in advancing profoundly new and more operative ways of fighting. In a narrow and strict sense, such innovative imp rovements were revolutionary. The technological revolution reached the battlefields and foreverRead MoreThe Key Aspects Of World War II1463 Words   |  6 PagesThe Key Aspects of World War II Affecting the United States War is a terribly great thing. War shows dedication of soldiers taking a stand in what they believe in. War, to some, can symbolizes bravery, honor, and patriotism, but to others, it symbolizes death, violence, and lost loved ones. With these things in mind, also know this, World War II is considered to be the bloodiest war ever. It is also known as the war with the most innovations to our arsenal of weapons, and the advances that wereRead MoreThe Relationship Between Modernity and the First World War1565 Words   |  7 PagesThe First World War, also known as the Great War of 1914-1918, is not an event that manifested overnight; it was the result of ever growing tension among European nations. This conflict was brought about by factors such as, nationalism, militarism, and the Alliance system. An upheaval such as the First World War was witness to the emergence of the glorification of war, struggle, despair, destruction and immense loss of life. The First World War brought about a defining moment in the history of the

Agent Orange Medical Ethics - 1657 Words

Motivation: Throughout the past Forty years the Vietnam war and it’s after effects have shaped and changed so many individuals and their lives. I will expose a deeper look at what actually occurred during the war and most importantly what actually caused the millions and millions of lives; both Vietnamese, Japanese, and American. Problem statement: With war comes after effects and throughout the past Forty years many American Veterans from Vietnam have had health complications and issues due to the widespread use of Agent Orange during the duration of the war, especially at base camps. These ailments, cancers, and diseases can be traced back to a series of Chemical Defoliates or herbicides that have left traces of Dioxin with whoever or wherever it once was used or sprayed. Conclusions: For all of these Veterans affected by this chemical unknowingly deserve restitution and better yet compensation for their medical issues and bills.  Agent Orange: Medical Ethics Agent Orange was widely used throughout the entire Vietnam war by Anti-Communist forces. In 1962, 85% of the food sources in Vietnam were targeted to be sprayed with Agent Orange from the air. Helicopters and planes were used in order to do aerial drops consistently and easily. On top of the use of Agent Orange on the forests of Vietnam, United States military bases used this herbicide daily if not weekly in order to keep the lands on the bases clean and low amounts to no vegetation on the bases. Many UnitedShow MoreRelatedVietnam War Terms1357 Words   |  5 Pagesthree branches of government should always be equal in power. ID: Operation Rolling Thunder was around the clock bombing of both North and South Vietnam, in hopes to cripple to Vietcong supply lines. Bombs such as cluster bombs, napalm, and Agent Orange were used. Sig: Operation Rolling Thunder did not work. Bombs were dropped on anything imaginable, but that did not deter the Vietcong from gaining independence. The only effect that Operation Rolling Thunder had was on American allies. FirstlyRead MoreDo I Choose Life Or Death My Unborn Baby?1406 Words   |  6 Pagesno control of, yet we pray to God to even become pregnant or bless the baby to be just healthy. In the world today, many women experience suffrage, with childbearing. The internal emotions fall to the wayside without the acknowledgment from other medical doctors to assist, with pain and healing within. A woman blessed with the chance to bring life into the world, and then right before her eyes, life simultaneously changes because of a health dilemma. Then the test of choices become a life or deathRead MoreSusan Finally Gets Pregnant With Down Syndrome Essay1650 Words   |  7 Pagesno control of, yet we pray to God to even become pregnant or bless the baby to be just healthy. In the world today, many women experience suffrage, with childbearing. The internal emotions fall to the wayside without the acknowledgment from other medical doctors to assist, with pain and healing within. A woman blessed with the chance to bring life into the world, and then right before her eyes, life simultaneously changes because of a health dilemma. Then the test of choices become a life or deathRead MoreEssay on Moral Luck1873 Words   |  8 Pagesâ€Å"luck of this kind affects whether he will be justified or not, since if it strikes, he will not be justified† (Williams, p.25). Therefore, in his book â€Å"Moral Luck†, Williams introduced a new term â€Å"moral luck† referring to â€Å"luck that occurs when an agent can be correctly treated as an object of moral judgment despite the fact that a significant aspect of what she is assessed for depends on factors beyond her control† (Nelkin). Nagel agrees to Williams’ idea and categorizes ‘moral luck’ into four differentRead MoreJeanne Harley Guillemin on Biological Weapons3027 Words   |  12 Pageswell as being an author and medical anthropologist, for 25 she was a Professor of Sociology at Boston College. There, she participated in extensive research on medical ethics and hospital technology. For her works she received fellowships to become a member of the U.S. Senate Finance Committee at the Hastings Center for The Study of Ethics. In addition, she was co-head of the National Library of Medicine’s Health Aware Project. This was a partner project with Harvard Medical School which tested how theRead More The Bright Future of Genetic Engineering Essay2185 Words   |  9 Pagescan turn an environmental disaster into a harmless situation. Another beneficial product which is currently being field tested is a bacterium that utilizes 2,4,5-T; this is a component in agent orange. When released into a field that has been dusted with the deadly herbicide, this bacterium uses agent orange as its sole source of energy. Capable of reducing the presence of 2,4,5-T from 10,000 - 20,000 parts per million to 15 - 20 or less parts per million, this bacterium has the ability to renderRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legal?2233 Words   |  9 Pagesand esteemed scholar associated with the conservative Hoover Institution has claimed that the legalization and taxation of marijuana would be highly financially beneficial to the country (Cohen, 2009). This makes me think of a sociological shift in ethics. It seems that the religiously controlled roots of Weber s capitalism have given way to the Marxist economical roots. I think that this undertone may also be a reason why marijuana has not yet been made legal. The general consensus for Amer ican politicsRead MoreDbq Essay 14488 Words   |  18 PagesCorrect answer: a Explanation: Part of the process of becoming a true, responsible sportsman is becoming involved in efforts to make hunting a respected sport. That includes teaching others, working with landowners, and cooperating with Conservation Agents. Click here to study this again.[-20] | | Question: What should be used to screw on broadheads? a. needle-nose pliers b. gloves c. thumb and forefinger only d. specially designed wrench Your answer: a Correct answer: d Explanation: Many archersRead MoreGenetically Modified Foods And Animals1936 Words   |  8 Pagesa controversial topic. They are currently being used to conduct research on new medicines and for cures of diseases (Ormandy, Dale, and Griffin). People argue that these animals are beneficial to society because scientists or doctors can perform medical tests on them, which results in cures for diseases and new medicines to help the sick. Most of the GE animals being used today are being used to produce substances used in medicines, otherwise known as biopharm. The support of bioengineered foodsRead More Gulf War Essay2215 Words   |  9 Pages000 addition troops were sent from Saudi Arabia, The United Kingdom, France, Kuwait, Egypt, Syria, Senegal, Niger, Morocco, Bangladesh, Pakistan, The United Arab Emirates , Qatar, Oman, and Bahrain. Countries which contributed ships, air forces and medical units included Canada, Italy, Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Denmark, Greece, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Czechoslovakia, New Zealand, The Netherlands, Poland, and South Korea. Turkey allowed uses of its air bases and Japan and Germany gave financial

Digital Signature free essay sample

A digital signature is an electronic signature that can be used to authenticate the identity of the sender of a message or the signer of a document, and possibly to ensure that the original content of the message or document that has been sent is unchanged. Why use certificate signatures? Many business transactions, including financial, legal, and other regulated transactions, require high assurance when signing documents. When documents are distributed electronically, it is important that recipients can: * Verify document authenticity – confirming the identity of each person who signed the document * Verify document integrity – confirming that the document has not been altered in transit Certificate-based signatures provide both of these security services. Many businesses and governments have chosen to set up a certificate-based digital signature infrastructure within their organization – using third party certificate authorities to provide independent identity validation. Examples include: * Pharmaceutical companies who need to use signatures that comply with the SAFE (Signatures amp; Authentication For Everyone) BioPharma industry standard * Companies in the European Union who need to comply with the ETSI PAdES standard (PDF Advanced Electronic Signatures) Other reasons why more and more organizations choose to use this type of digital signatures include: 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Digital Signature or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Saving money. The electronic signing method eliminates the cost of paper, printing, and courier services. 2. Document integrity. Organizations that publish/release any kind of PDF material on the internet can now be assured that the PDF documents will not be modified in any way to alter the organization’s brand or credibility. 3. Work efficiency. Handling a document electronically (clicking a button or entering a password) is way faster than circulating it through interoffice mail or courier. A digital signature scheme typically consists of three algorithms: * A key generation algorithm that selects a private key uniformly at random from a set of possible private keys. The algorithm outputs the private key and a corresponding public key. A signing algorithm that, given a message and a private key, produces a signature. * A signature verifying algorithm that, given a message, public key and a signature, either accepts or rejects the messages claim to authenticity. Two main properties are required: 1. a signature generated from a fixed message and fixed private key should verify the authenticity of that m essage by using the corresponding public key. 2. it should be computationally infeasible to generate a valid signature for a party who does not possess the private key. H User A’s machine digests the data into a simple string of code after user A’s software has encrypted the message digest with his private key. The result is the digital signature. User A’s software then appends the digital signature to document. All of the data that was hashed has been signed. User A then passes the digitally signed document to user B. First user B’s software decrypts the signature, using User A’s public key then changing it back into a message digest. After the decryption if it has decrypted the data to digest level then verifies that user A in fact did sign the data. To stop fraud certificate authorities have been introduced. Certificate authorities can sign User A’s public key, ensuring that no one else uses Bobs information or impersonated his key. If a user is uncertain of the digital signature it is possible to verify the digital signature with the certificate authority. Signatures can also be revoked if they are abused or if it is suspected that they are abused. When a digital signature is compromised the user that suspects that the certificate is compromised should report the incident to the certificate authority.

Development European Online News And Music -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Development European Online News And Music? Answer: Introduction Online to offline (O2O) business is a strategy that uses online advertising and marketing approaches to identify potential clients, create awareness of services and products and finally lure the customer to visit the physical store to buy the goods and services (Del, 2013). This model comprises of four components content management, order management, customer service and Break Bulk deliveries to B2C (Business to Customer) (Swatman, 2009). In this paper we apply all this components on the development of an ice cream parlor in MMU. Content Management The developers of the online platform for the ice cream parlor in MMU must ensure that the content is attractive and good. The following must be put into action to ensure this: Developing a product review platform on the website This will give the customers a platform to express how they felt about the ice cream and services offered by MMU ice cream parlor. In this case customers will act as the advocates of the business thus the best way to get the ice cream validated by a third party (Ribbik, 2014). Ensuring quality images Anybody who buys goods online views their pictures first (Shen, 2014), thus MMU ice cream parlor must ensure quality pictures of their ice cream are taken. The pictures should be clear and show some of the customers eating and enjoying their ice cream. Developing an easy payment process The checkout page is the final stop for peoples shopping journey (Choi, 2008). The design must be in a way that payment is clearly shown and as easy as it can be. If possible, several payment processes should be employed and clearly displayed. Ensuring quality design Many online customers base their opinion on the websites overall design (Laudon, 2013). The MMU ice cream parlor website should be professionally designed to give it a high rating on customer opinion thus translate to increased sales. Order Management An efficient ordering online system should be ensured by the parlor through the following ways: The website must be fast and efficient MMU ice cream parlor must ensure that their site is optimized for mobile web browsers and at least implement an efficient and fast mobile app. This will ensure customers spend less time ordering for their goods thus maintain them because most of the online visitors will abandon their orders if the site requires more time to place orders. Retaining customer database The website should be designed in a way that a customer can be able to trace their previous orders easily thus when making a similar order they just click a few buttons (Nishii, 2008). Streamlining the pickup process The pickup process after orders have been made online should be made quick and easy. The customer should just present their receipt and the parlor and get their ice cream in time. Customer Service Good customer service means should be created and maintained by every business (Law, 2010).. MMU ice cream parlor should consider the following in ensuring this: Know the product well MMU ice cream parlor should ensure all its customer facing staff know the product well and beware of the most common questions that customers ask. This will help them articulate well the answers the customers require. Be friendly at all times The company should train its staff to be friendly to customers, every conversation should start with a smile and a warm greeting. If the customers call they should be addressed in a friendly way. After every service the staff should learn to say thank you. Be responsive MMU ice cream parlor staff should ensure they respond as quickly as possible to all enquiries made by customers. This will boost customer confidence thus translate to improved sales. Break Bulk Deliveries To B2c Break bulk are goods that must be loaded individually and in this case delivered to the end user (the customer) (Mikurak, 2012). The company should embrace the following in ensuring efficient delivery of its products: Secure delivery The ice cream delivery equipment and vehicles should be licensed to ensure compensation incase of any accident during delivery. Fast delivery MMU ice cream parlor should ensure that their ice cream is delivered on time to the customers, this will boost customer confidence in their services. Reliable Each time delivery is promised the companys reputation is put in the line (Rogg, 2009), thus the parlor should ensure they employ delivery mechanisms that are highly reliable. The company should come up with package tracking through the internet. Professional appearance The appearance of drivers, staff and ice cream tracks reflects on the business. The delivery vehicles should be clean and the staff should maintain a neat appearance. Conclusion The MMU ice cream Parlor must consider the ideas discussed above to ensure that it grows its customer base. Above everything else the goods, they produce must be up to standard and constant improvement ensured depending on the ever-changing customer preferences. References Del Real, A. E. (2013). U.S. Patent No. 8,353,012. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Law, R., Qi, S., Buhalis, D. (2010). Progress in tourism management: A review of website evaluation in tourism research. Tourism management, 31(3), 297-313. Mikurak, M. G. (2012). U.S. Patent No. 8,271,336. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Shen, C., Wang, Y. (2014). Online to offline business model. Laudon, K. C., Traver, C. G. (2013). E-commerce. Pearson. Swatman, P. M., Krueger, C., Van Der Beek, K. (2009). The changing digital content landscape: An evaluation of e-business model development in European online news and music. Internet Research, 16(1), 53-80. Ribbink, D., Van Riel, A. C., Liljander, V., Streukens, S. (2014). Comfort your online customer: quality, trust and loyalty on the internet. Managing Service Quality: An International Journal, 14(6), 446-456. Choi, T. Y., Eboch, K. (2008). The TQM paradox: relations among TQM practices, plant performance, and customer satisfaction. Journal of Operations Management, 17(1), 59-75. Nishii, L. H., Lepak, D. P., Schneider, B. (2008). Employee attributions of the why of HR practices: Their effects on employee attitudes and behaviors, and customer satisfaction. Personnel psychology, 61(3), 503-545. Rogg, K. L., Schmidt, D. B., Shull, C., Schmitt, N. (2009). Human resource practices, organizational climate, and customer satisfaction. Journal of management, 27(4), 431-449.

Encounter with Mercury

Introduction The solar system is comprised of nine planets and each planet rotates on its own axis. Mercury is the innermost planet because of its close proximity to the sun.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Encounter with Mercury specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This planet can hardly support any life because the temperatures within its atmosphere are very high1, 2. However, it is difficult to observe Mercury because the sun’s rays create a high contrast, which in return blurs the image. Perhaps this is why astronauts could not explore the entire planet at a go2. The first spaceship to ever land in mercury was the Mariner 10 in 1974. In March 2011, another spaceship by the name messenger (Mercury, Surface, Space Environment, Geochemistry and Ranging) landed in mercury to complete the unfinished business that was commenced by Mariner 10 2, 3 .This paper will therefore focus on the location of mercury with respect to the solar system. Besides that, the paper will analyze the expedition of the Messenger on mercury’s surface. Figure 1 – Mercury 9 The distance between the nine planets of the solar system is very wide such that human carriers such as planes cannot cover the distance. It is in this regard that scientists invented the rockets. After the rockets were developed, astronauts have been able to explore the other planets that surround the sun 3, 4. Mercury has been of much interest because it is very close to the sun. One would think that it is not necessary to know about the other planets because each planet exists independently. However, the planets depend on one common source of natural lighting and thus, understanding what happens in the other planets would enable us to prepare for future changes such as global warming. Mercury basics Mercury Composition Mercury is comprised of metallic compounds that emit magnetic fields that are weaker than those of the earth 9. The density of this planet is almost the same to that of the earth and this explains why the winds carried the eroded soils. If its density were low, the soils would have remained on its surface. The landscape of mercury has many escarpments, mountains and craters.Advertising Looking for report on astronomy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Figure 2 – Mercury’s Landscape There are also low-lying grounds that suggest that the planet has been dormant for a long time 6. Falling comets and asteroids must have caused the craters. These two objects must have landed on mercury’s surface during a volcanic eruption; otherwise, they would not have left permanent impressions. The craters cover hundreds of kilometers and some are more than a thousand kilometers wide 7, 30. Just like the earth, mercury’s core is comprised of molten lava due to high temperatures. The falling comets pierced through its core, wh ich caused the molten magma to leak into the pools that the falling objects created. Mercury is very small compared to the other planets. One would thus expect it to go round the sun much faster than the other planets but contrary to this, its speed is relatively slow. It takes 59 days to complete one round 8, 20. The earth takes 365 days, which adds up to one calendar year. This rotation is what brings the changes in seasons. For instance, during certain months days are longer than nights and vice versa. That is why darkness takes longer to set in. The metallic components cause mercury most of the light it receives from the sun and that is why it can be confused with the moon. There is hardly any water or even water vapor for that matter on mercury’s atmosphere 5. This is because the high temperatures would evaporate the water. But amazingly there is frozen water beneath the craters and it seems the craters shield the ice water from the high temperatures because if this was not the case the ice would have been melted and eventually evaporate into the thin air. Mercury does not have an atmosphere, but the exosphere, which has metallic compounds such as potassium, helium, hydrogen and sodium 10, occupies this vacuum. Besides that, the orbit of this planet hindered its possible exploration. Mercury has a higher orbit speed and thus the spaceship must travel at very fast speeds because any kind of hesitation would cause the entire house consumed.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Encounter with Mercury specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The above statement may not sound logical because mercury is in close proximity with the sun and thus the rays of sun are still much stronger when they land on its surface11. In fact, the temperatures in this planet can exceed 400 degrees Celsius during the day and subside to lows of negative one hundred and seventy. It is important to note that its not al l craters in mercury that contain ice water and hence the ice limited to north and south poles which are at the extreme ends of the planet and thus they rarely come into contact with sun light 11, 12. It is possible to see mercury via a telescope. One can spot the planet on the western skies before the fall of darkness and early in the morning on the eastern skies 12. However, one cannot see the whole image because light does not shine on the entire planet. The planet appears in phases similar to those of the moon such as half and full. Table 1 – Properties of Mercury 39 Mariner 10 Mariner 10 was the first spaceship that NASA (National Aeronautics and Space administration) deployed to mercury in 1974. This model aimed at eliciting an understanding of mercury’s environment, features and atmosphere 13. Among the tools fitted on the Mariner 10 included cameras with digital tape recorder, ultraviolet spectrometer, infrared radiometer, solar plasma, charged particles, mag netic fields, radio occultation and celestial mechanics. Figure 3 – Mariner 10 26Advertising Looking for report on astronomy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Without the enhancements, Mariner 10 would not have captured any images. This is because taking the images was supposed to happen when the spaceship was in motion. For instance, the digital camera ensured that the ship would capture as many images as possible 14. Scientists and explores aligned the spaceship to mercury’s orbit and that is how it managed to analyze the movements of this planet. The radio transmitters were to be used to transmit the findings captured on tape to the experts in NASA’s offices. The expedition did not last for long because the ship ran out of gas, which led to termination of its transmitter’s portal 15. However, scientists believe that the ship still goes round the sun, but this argument is far from being true because NASA received the last signal in 1975. NASA officials argue that the devices that are responsible for conveying information from the ship failed due to their exposure to the radiations from the sun. In essence, the marin er was able to cover 40% of mercury because the sunlight struck only one of the planets and thus, when the spaceship flew over it the images covered only one area while the rest of the planet was shadowed 16. The need for messenger Since Mariner 10 did not complete its mission, NASA decided to deploy another spaceship to provide more information on Mercury. The ship was called Messenger (Mercury Surface, Space Environment, Geochemistry and Ranging) 16, 17. Just as its name suggests, the ship was destined for mercury with the aim of analyzing the planet’s environment and the chemical matter on the planet’s surface. Messenger was launched to address the following specific questions about Mercury 38: What was the planetary formational process of Mercury? Was it through volcanism or coverage by particles from craters? How can we describe the history of Mercury in regards to geologic concepts? What are the state and source of the planet’s magnetic composition? What is the nature and size of Mercury’s iron core? What are the essential volatile species on Mercury? What are the radar-reflective components at the planet’s surface? Messenger used the same approach like its predecessor, the Mariner 10. Messenger was bound to capture more information regarding mercury due to its advanced mechanisms. Messenger strives to address the questions above because the ship still sends information back to earth. More truth waits to be unveiled through space expeditions because now, Mercury is out of bound due to unfavorable weather conditions. In this regard, space explorations have advanced our knowledge about the solar system. The solar system is far from complete exploration because newer technologies are still emerging to ensure we are able to get more information regarding Mercury. The flyovers have been very useful because scientists have been able to understand the compositions of other planets during the epic flyovers. The position of Me rcury favors space expeditions because it is very close to the sun, and thus the data obtained from it is essential to reflect the composition at the core of solar system. The space explorations help us to understand why the earth is the only planet that can support life. Messenger Messenger’s mission was commissioned in 2004 by NASA 18.The first departure took place in January 2008. This implies that the probe team needed four years to prepare for the departure to ensure that the occurrence experienced with Mariner 10 does not recur 19. Nevertheless, during the first departure the spaceship navigated over the skies of mercury and managed to capture numerous images of the planet including the other half that Mariner 10 did not cover. Test Drive The second departure happened in October 2008.The ship had earlier been tested in 2005 by NASA who made the ship to navigate the area over the earth’s surface 20. During this period of test drive NASA was certain that all the eq uipment were going to function as intended. The ship was able to analyze the compounds in the earth’s atmosphere. Besides that, the tools fitted on the ship were able to gauge the magnitude of the earth’s magnetism 21. Engineers repeated these tasks once the ship in the Mercury’s orbit. In October 2006, Messenger navigated the space adjacent to Venus with the aim of acquiring geological knowledge on the planet. However, NASA did not accomplish the mission because the earth was in a position that prevented the sun from emitting radiation, and thus it was difficult to capture the images without natural light 22. The explorers had to repeat the fly over session in June 2007 because the first one did not bear any fruits. During this second episode, the tools mounted on the ship were able to capture images on the surface of Venus. This success was because of the sun’s radiation that created ultraviolet rays, thus enhancing the imaging process 23. The camera ca ptured the images in x-ray format. Encounter with Mercury After the first and the second flyovers in 2008 were successful, Messenger decided to make the last navigation in 2009. It is important to note that the aim of each flyover was to capture more information than the previous one and therefore the ship had to fly deeper to get a clear view. During this last session, the speed of the ship declined and thus it had to proceed in safe mode 24. This challenge did not hinder it from navigating the space but it eventually led to loss of data captured. However, scientists managed to control the situation seven hours later. The ship had to go deeper into the space, and it was difficult to achieve this objective without altering the velocity of the ship. Engineers executed the DSM-5, which was part of the ship to earn the magnitude of velocity that was necessary to enhance the integration process. Figure 4 – Messenger Orbiting Mercury 13 If DMS-5 was not eliminated the ship would not have been able to move faster once it reached the sun’s gravity pond. In addition, the ship would have consumed a lot of fuel to travel at a higher speed 25. In March 2011, NASA managed to incorporate Messenger at a strategic position in Mercury’s orbit to shield it from the sun’s radiation. Spaceship Design The entire structure of the ship measures 1.82 meters, which is its height and a corresponding width of 1.27 meters 26. The engineers hoist the structure using graphite fiber materials, which ensure that the propellant tanks remain in their place. The graphite panels is made into a compartment that houses the LVA(large velocity adjust) thrust, attitude regulators, rectification thrusters, antennas, instrument pallet and extensive ceramic textile material. The ship’s luggage capacity cannot exceed 607.8 kilograms 27. Four 22N monopropellant thrusters direct the ship when the engine executed the10 thrusters at the initial stage. The attitude regulat ors, through a response wheel attitude-regulator system use the monopropellant thrusters. Attitude regulation is induced by information availed by star trackers in conjunction with inertial system and six sun sensors 28. Two small deep space transponders convey information through the deep space network. The DSN is aided by three antennas that transmit signals at different intervals that are high, medium and low 28. All the three antennas have the capacity to convey 8.4 GHz of signal. On the other hand, they cannot accept signals beyond 7.2 GHz. The antennas are on the uppermost front such that they are in the sun’s line of view. Another pair of three antennas is on the rear of the ship 29. This positioning of antennas ensures that they can get signals from the surrounding environment before and after approaching the planet. The spaceship obtains power from a two panel solar array that generates 450 watts. Each of the panel is movable which means they can rotate as the positi on of the sun changes. The panels are fitted with reflectors to divert excess solar energy. The solar energy is stored in a 23-ampere nickel hydrogen battery. Besides, a computerized system operates The Messenger. IBM manufactures the processors of the system and they are highly resistant to radiation. One of the processors is 25 MHz. This capacity is ideal because this processor handles most of the tasks in the system. The other processor is 10 MHz and is responsible for rectifying any errors that may arise during the ship’s expedition 30. The ship has recorders that are specialized for capturing still images and has the storage capacity of one gigabyte. The recorders have a processor that keeps the information obtained from the space in compressed formats, which the machine then conveys to NASA offices for interpretation purposes. This means that if the spaceship downloads information to the wrong target, the data would be irrelevant. The spaceship employs a SciBox applicat ion program to induce the functionality of the tools that are responsible for capturing images and radiations 31. The program ensures that each tool functions independently to avoid a clash of system request. This is similar to interrupt requests allocated to computer devices to ensure that the system understands the device that seeks its attention. Tools on the Spaceship The Messenger has many instruments that enhance its performance. They include numerous CCD cameras. Among the cameras, two of them are unique in their specification because they capture images at broad and narrow angles 32. These cameras have extremely high resolutions because their lenses have 250 pixels and that capability is limited to every 250 meters. Figure 5 – Imaging System 30 The wide-angle camera captures colored images when need arises. The cameras reside on a raised surface but most times, they are on top of edges of pointed structures. The wide-angle camera is useful because it helps to draw a line between objects that are in a given image. Without the cameras, it would be very difficult to analyze the features of mercury because the spaceship does not stop during the expedition. Gamma-ray spectrometer (GRS) gauges the gamma rays received from the core of mercury. This device is capable of detecting the presence of certain compounds in the gamma rays 33. The compounds that are most likely to be contained in gamma rays emitted from the core of a given planet include oxygen, silicon, sulphur, iron, hydrogen, potassium, thorium and uranium. Figure 6 – Components of Messenger Neutron Spectrometer (NS) analyzes hydrogen compounds in a given mineral matter within a range of forty centimeters. This analysis commences when cosmic rays meet the surface of the mineral. This means that the cosmic rays penetrate forty centimeters into the surface of the mineral. Without this ability, it would be difficult to understand the composition of the minerals because the materials are difficult to extract 33. Figure 7 – X-ray Spectrometer 16 The x-ray spectrometer (XRS) enables one to see the inside of the surface of mercury by identifying the x-ray spectral dimensions originating from magnesium, aluminum, sulphur, calcium, iron and titanium within a range of 1-10 keV. This device uses the same technology as x-ray equipments used in diagnosis of humans. Through x-ray imaging, we are able to understand the core structure of mercury. The magnetometer (MAG) gauges the magnetic field from the core of a given planet. The same tool determines whether the magnetic field is strong or weak 34. The earth has a stronger magnetic field than that of mercury: the MAG elicited this information. The Mercury laser altimeter (MLA) evaluates the heights of tall features on the surface of mercury such as mountains and ridges. Scientists obtain the exact details of land formations when the infrared light lands on the surface of mercury and because while the ship is in motion , it derives the figures when the light is departing from a given area. Additionally, the mercury atmospheric and surface composition spectrometer (MASCS) analyzes the attributes of mercury’s atmosphere. This knowledge emerges because the machine traps the ultraviolet rays that fall on the surface of mercury when they are being refracted 35. The reflectance helps is detecting the presence of titanium and iron on the surface of mercury. Besides that, the charged particle and plasma spectrometer (EPPS) gauges the charged particles that are within mercury’s magnetosphere by employing a charged particle spectrometer to observe the charged particle that is obtained from the surface of mercury during the use of fast imaging plasma spectrometer. Messenger Data to-Date The expeditions of Messenger into mercury have inspired other agencies to embark on their own missions. Japan is planning to combine its efforts with Bepicolombo, which is a European agency in a bid to deploy a spaceship to mercury 36. The two entities have two common agendas, which entail understanding the map of the planet and evaluating the magnetosphere of the same planet. Bepicolombo is committed to penetrating the orbit of mercury by the year 2019. This is because the agency aims at gaining geological knowledge of planets that are adjacent to mercury in its first years. This is to suggest that they will employ the same tactics of flying over the planet several times 37. The approach is ideal because it worked for mariner 10 and Messenger. The Russian Soyuz also expects to deploy their spaceship into the orbit of mercury. Conclusions It seems that geological agencies are focusing on understanding the structure of mercury. The space expeditions are significant because they help in eliminating assumptions. For instance, before the deployment of mariner 10 some people used to think mercury is a star while others thought it is a moon of its own kind. Other agencies should refer to the exp erience that Mariner 10 encountered to keep their distance from the sun to avoid coming into contact with radiations of the sun. Telescopic observations should also continue because they can also capture events as they unfold. The materials used to construct spaceship should be resistant to radiation such as the ones used on Messenger. Before deploying a spaceship into the space, engineers should test-drive it to prove that all the tools are functioning as expected. The structure of the spaceship should be flexible to take full advantage of the solar energy as was seen in Messenger. Moreover, engineers must not ignore scientific tools in a spaceship, and that means that a backup plan is required, just in case there is any fault. References â€Å"BepiColumbo – Background Science†. European Space Agency. Retrieved from http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/category/index.cfm?fcategoryid=4586 â€Å"Countdown to MESSENGER’s Closest Approach with Mercury†. Johns H opkins University Applied Physics Laboratory. January 14, 2008. Retrieved from http://messenger.jhuapl.edu/gallery/sciencePhotos/image.php?gallery_id=2image_id=115 â€Å"ESA gives go-ahead to build BepiColombo†. European Space Agency. February 26, 2007. Retrieved from http://www.esa.int/esaSC/SEMC8XBE8YE_index_0.html â€Å"Gamma-Ray and Neutron Spectrometer (GRNS)†. NASA / National Space Science Data Center. Retrieved from http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=2004-030A-02 â€Å"Magnetometer (MAG)†. NASA / National Space Science Data Center. Retrieved from http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=2004-030A-07 â€Å"Mercury Dual Imaging System (MDIS)†. NASA / National Space Science Data Center. Retrieved from http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=2004-030A-01 â€Å"Mercury Elongation and Distance†. Retrieved from http://home.comcast.net/~kpheider/Mercury.txt —Numbers generated using the Solar Sy stem Dynamics Group, Horizons On-Line Ephemeris System â€Å"Mercury†. NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved from http://solarsystem.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=MercuryDisplay=OverviewLong â€Å"MESSENGER Engine Burn Puts Spacecraft on Track for Venus†. SpaceRef.com. Retrieved from http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewsr.html?pid=18956 â€Å"MESSENGER Gains Critical Gravity Assist for Mercury Orbital Observations†. MESSENGER Mission News. Retrieved from http://messenger.jhuapl.edu/ â€Å"MESSENGER Mercury Orbit Insertion† (Press release). NASA/APL. March 18, 2011. Retrieved from http://messenger.jhuapl.edu/news_room/Mercury_PK_TST_Rev7_Web.pdf â€Å"NASA Spacecraft Circling Mercury†. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2011/03/17/science/AP-US-SCI-Mercury.html?_r=1ref=science â€Å"Space Topics: Compare the Planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth, The Moon, and Mars†. Planetary Society. Retrieved from http:/ /www.planetary.org/explore/topics/compare_the_planets/terrestrial.html â€Å"The Medium-gain Antenna of the MESSENGER Spacecraft†. Microwave Journal. October 1, 2005. â€Å"The Medium-gain Antenna of the MESSENGER Spacecraft†. Microwave Journal. October 1, 2005. Retrieved from http://www.mwjournal.com/Journal/article.asp?HH_ID=AR_110 â€Å"X-ray Spectrometer (XRS)†. NASA / National Space Science Data Center. Retrieved 2011-02-19. Retrieved from http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=2004-030A-03 Bakich, M. E. (2000). The Cambridge Planetary Handbook. New York: Cambridge University Press Baumgardner, J., Mendillo, M., Wilson, J. K. (2000). A Digital High-Definition Imaging System for Spectral Studies of Extended Planetary Atmospheres. I. Initial Results in White Light Showing Features on the Hemisphere of Mercury Unimaged by Mariner 10. The Astronomical Journal, 119 (5): 2458–2464. Biswas, S. (2000). Cosmic Perspectives in Space Physics. Astrophysics and Space Science Library. New York: Springer. Correia, A.C. Laskar, J. (2004). Mercury’s capture into the 3/2 spin–orbit resonance as a result of its chaotic dynamics. Nature, 429 (6994): 848–850. Dantowitz, R. F., Teare, S. W., Kozubal, M. J. (2000). Ground-based High-Resolution Imaging of Mercury. Astronomical Journal, 119 (4): 2455–2457. Lakdawalla, E (2008, July 3). MESSENGER Scientists ‘Astonished’ to Find Water in Mercury’s Thin Atmosphere. The Planetary Society. Retrieved from http://www.planetary.org/news/2008/0703_MESSENGER_Scientists_Astonished_to.html Espenak, F. (2005, April 21). Transits of Mercury. NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center. Retrieved from http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/transit/catalog/MercuryCatalog.html Fleming, N. (2008, January 18). Star Trek-style ion engine to fuel Mercury craft. The Telegraph Grayzeck, E. (2008, April 2). Mariner 10. NSSDC Master Catalog. NASA. Retrieved from http://nssdc.gsfc. nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1973-085A Walker, J. Mercury Chaser’s Calculator. Fourmilab Switzerland. Retrieved from http://www.fourmilab.ch/images/3planets/elongation.html Kelley, D. H., Milone, E. F., Aveni, A.F. (2004). Exploring Ancient Skies: An Encyclopedic Survey of Archaeoastronomy. Birkhà ¤user. L. V. Ksanfomality (2006). Earth-based optical imaging of Mercury. Advances in Space Research, 38 (4): 594. Laskar, J.; Gastineau, M. (2009, June 11). Existence of collisional trajectories of Mercury, Mars and Venus with the Earth. Nature, 459 (7248): 817–819 McClintock, W. Lankton, M. (2007). The Mercury Atmospheric and Surface Composition Spectrometer for the MESSENGER Mission. Space Science Reviews, 131(1): 481–521. Moore, P. (2000). The Data Book of Astronomy. New York: CRC Press. Roylance, F. (2011, March 17). Messenger successfully goes into orbit around Mercury. Baltimore Sun. Retrieved from http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2011-03-17/news/bs-m d-messenger-orbit-20110317_1_mercury-orbit-messenger-spacecraft-nasa-s-messen Schaefer, B. E. (2007). The Latitude and Epoch for the Origin of the Astronomical Lore in Mul.Apin. American Astronomical Society Meeting 210, #42.05 (American Astronomical Society) 38, 157 Srinivasan, D.K., Perry, M.E., Karl, B. F, Smith, D.E., Maria, T.Z. (2007). The Radio Frequency Subsystem and Radio Science on the MESSENGER Mission. Space Science Reviews, 131(1), 557–571. Staff. (2008). MESSENGER: Mercury and Ancient Cultures. NASA JPL. Retrieved from http://www.messenger-education.org/elusive_planet/ancient_cultures_2.php Tariq, M. (2004, August 16). â€Å"MESSENGER to test theory of shrinking Mercury†. USA Today. Retrieved from http://www.usatoday.com/tech/news/2004-08-16-mercury-may-shrink_x.htm Tunà § T. (2003, January 22). Total Solar Eclipse of 2006 March 29. Department of Physics at Fizik Bolumu in Turkey. Retrieved from http://www.physics.metu.edu.tr/~aat/TSE2006/TSE2006.html S prague, A. L. Mercury: A World of Fire and Ice. Retrieved from http://www.alpo-astronomy.org/mercury/messenger.pdf â€Å"Planet Mercury Data†. Retrieved from http://www.princeton.edu/~willman/planetary_systems/Sol/Mercury/ This report on Encounter with Mercury was written and submitted by user Cale Bolton to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Slave Treatment

The Treatment of the Slaves The Europeans did not care how they treated Africans on the ships. The conditions on the ships were horrible; I do not know how the Africans survive the trip across the Atlantic. The food the Europeans fed the Africans was disgusting. Being chained together side by side the Europeans abused their own Humanity the way they treated the slaves. They believe that Africa was a savage land, that Africans had never known any reasonable social order of their own. That African slave deserved no better than they got. In centuries a total of fifteen million men, women and children of African blood were delivered into transatlantic slavery, under conditions so hideous that another nine million are estimated to have died during the crossing. In the worst ships, in which the slave-holds were not property aired. The slaves were not properly fed and exercised, in which the crews were bestial and drunken. 'Nowhere in the annals of history has a people experienced such a long and traumatic ordeal as Africans during the Atlantic slave trade. Over the nearly four centuries of the slave - which continued until the end of the Civil War - millions of African men, women, and children were savagely torn from their homeland, herded onto ships, and dispersed all over the so-called New World. Although there is no way to compute exactly how many people perished, it has been estimated that between thirty and sixty million Africans were subjected to this horrendous triangular trade system and that only one third-if that-of those people survived...' The triangular trade system was so named because the ships embarked from European ports, stopped in Africa to gather the captives, after which they set out for the New World to deliver their human cargo, and then returned to the port of origin. The Middle Passage was that leg of the slave triangle that brought the human cargo from West Africa to North America, South Ameri... Free Essays on Slave Treatment Free Essays on Slave Treatment The Treatment of the Slaves The Europeans did not care how they treated Africans on the ships. The conditions on the ships were horrible; I do not know how the Africans survive the trip across the Atlantic. The food the Europeans fed the Africans was disgusting. Being chained together side by side the Europeans abused their own Humanity the way they treated the slaves. They believe that Africa was a savage land, that Africans had never known any reasonable social order of their own. That African slave deserved no better than they got. In centuries a total of fifteen million men, women and children of African blood were delivered into transatlantic slavery, under conditions so hideous that another nine million are estimated to have died during the crossing. In the worst ships, in which the slave-holds were not property aired. The slaves were not properly fed and exercised, in which the crews were bestial and drunken. 'Nowhere in the annals of history has a people experienced such a long and traumatic ordeal as Africans during the Atlantic slave trade. Over the nearly four centuries of the slave - which continued until the end of the Civil War - millions of African men, women, and children were savagely torn from their homeland, herded onto ships, and dispersed all over the so-called New World. Although there is no way to compute exactly how many people perished, it has been estimated that between thirty and sixty million Africans were subjected to this horrendous triangular trade system and that only one third-if that-of those people survived...' The triangular trade system was so named because the ships embarked from European ports, stopped in Africa to gather the captives, after which they set out for the New World to deliver their human cargo, and then returned to the port of origin. The Middle Passage was that leg of the slave triangle that brought the human cargo from West Africa to North America, South Ameri...

Follow up to S6W4Dq Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Follow up to S6W4Dq - Assignment Example However, critical analysis reveals that its implications may not augur well especially in view of the vast interest United States has in the global arena. Taking this into consideration, it is worth noting that the suggestion of intensifying economic and political negotiations, while moderating U.S.’s military presence in foreign countries is the most feasible alternative. In the debate leading up to the 2012 U.S. presidential elections, Mr. Mitt Romney acknowledged the need of â€Å"strong allies† to serve as a deterrent to would-be aggressors. In addition, he was quick to warn that U.S. must be more prescriptive in the manner it deploys its military force on foreign missions. Echoing the same sentiments was President Obama. Obama insisted on the need of U.S. to concentrate â€Å"on alliances and relationships† in order to assist the foreign partners to improve their ability to defend themselves. In this, President Obama suggested initiating security training programs as well as equipping them to contain regional conflicts (Robert, 2012). In conclusion, I find it feasible for U.S. to increase its economic, political and diplomatic ties with other nations. However, its military presence should be moderated to only advisory and training purposes. Also, by working in conjunction with international bodies such the United Nations and African Union, U.S. can save itself from shouldering the financial burdens as the sole promoter of global democratization. Bremmer, I. (2008, summer). Supposing the United States becomes isolationist. Retrieved 3 29, 2013, from europesworld: