Technological Innovations During World War One - 1865 Words

How Significant were Technological Innovations during World War One? World War One brought a completely new form of warfare. Gone were the old ways of cavalry and slow firing bolt-action rifles. The war symbolised a change in the way we understand and fight wars. Leon Trotsky said that ‘War is the locomotive of history’. This was certainly true. The war was a catalyst for change. I am going to highlight three areas in which technological innovations made an impact – the development of submarines, the use of gas and the building of railways. I have chosen these three examples to demonstrate the different ways in which technological innovations affected the course of World War One. Gas had a huge psychological impact on the soldiers; submarines had a great economic impact, and the railways allowed the war to be fought on a vast scale never seen before. Significance can be understood in many different ways. I am going to understand significance by establishing criteria that will measure significance. These are – tactical, military, psychological, economic and social significances. I believe that the most important measure of significance in World War One is the social significance because in this war of attrition numbers killed was of great importance. The technological innovation of the submarine was most significant from an economic perspective because it was crucial in stopping the flow of supplies across the sea. The submarines’ impact was felt both during the war, butShow MoreRelatedMilitary Capability During Peacetime Innovation1397 Words   |  6 Pages Resources, accurate innovation, political support, and privatized development are four crucial factors for enhancing military capability during peacetime innovation. Therefore, countries that effectively manage internal resources, and are funded through political support will often be at the forefront of military development. Moreover, accurate innovation is essential in ensuring that innovated technology aligns with the required capabilities to defend the nation. Therefore, countriesRead MoreHuman Progress in the Twentieth Century Despite Two World Wars953 Words   |  4 Pages The world in the 20th century went through the destruction of World War I and World War II and the hazard of a nuclear war in the course of the Cold War and coped to revolutionize themselves with essential developments within their societies. The world, as a whole, has advanced more than it has suffered during the turbulent 20th century because of the advancements of innovations and human right, despite the demolition of the two World Wars. The 20th century inflicted the greatest suffering to theRead MoreTechnology And World Civilization : A Thousand Year History1503 Words   |  7 Pages Technology in World Civilization: A Thousand Year History written by physicist and historian Arnold Pacey explains his unique â€Å"global view† of the evolution of technology differing from the common Eurocentric view of this topic dating back to Greek civilizations. The book is consisted of eleven chapters that chronologically depict the creative inventions in technology throughout several cultures across time in history, starting from the early days in 700 A.D. to the very recent historical eventsRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution Of The Middle East1071 Words   |  5 Pagescomplicated system of war. From Gangas Khan to America’s involvement in the Middle East, all successful generals, military leaders, and conquerors have found commonality in their zealous emphasis on, and desire for, possessing the most techno logically advanced forms of weaponry. Such a desire was not ignored in America nor England during the Industrial Revolution, but, rather, was seen by many as an opportune investment during a time of extraordinarily progressive innovation. With this in mind theRead Moreâ€Å"The Greatest Generation†: A Study of World War II Technology800 Words   |  4 PagesGeneration†: A Study of World War II Technology To some, World War II may seem like a great war that happened a long time ago, a war where however great the innovations during the war were, they are much out of date now, and so they have no impact on today’s world. But to another, who understand the world and how it grows, realize that wherever a nation is, it is in that position because of its history. This means that without all of the improvements of technology during World War II, the world as we know itRead MoreThe Most Important Qualities That A Military Organization1116 Words   |  5 Pagesorganization should possess to innovate effectively during peacetime? The weary aspect of warfare in the World War I made it complicated to verify who the successful is or if there was really a winner. This is obvious that the remarkable circumstances encouraged the US and European powers to bring a tremendous change in their army units and obtain new equipment in order to achieve a comprehensive and sustainable victory in the context of wars. New technology and doctrine were the most importantRead MoreEssay on Naval Aviation 1644 Words   |  7 PagesNaval Aviation Throughout the history of Naval Aviation, one can see a growing force. As new technology and innovations arose and advanced, Naval Aviation improved as well. In times of war and peace, through training and dedication, naval aviators improved their abilities and tactics to produce the fighting force it is today. If by chance, the â€Å"revolt of the admirals† had failed, the United States Military would not be what it is today and the Navy could not have the liberty of enjoyingRead MoreThe Years 1918-1939, Which Separate World War I From World1545 Words   |  7 PagesThe years 1918-1939, which separate World War I from World War II, witnessed profound changes in how technologically advanced military organizations would fight. In most of the cases, during peacetime, military innovation, and technological developments played an empowering or helping role in advancing profoundly new and more operative ways of fighting. In a narrow and strict sense, such innovative imp rovements were revolutionary. The technological revolution reached the battlefields and foreverRead MoreThe Key Aspects Of World War II1463 Words   |  6 PagesThe Key Aspects of World War II Affecting the United States War is a terribly great thing. War shows dedication of soldiers taking a stand in what they believe in. War, to some, can symbolizes bravery, honor, and patriotism, but to others, it symbolizes death, violence, and lost loved ones. With these things in mind, also know this, World War II is considered to be the bloodiest war ever. It is also known as the war with the most innovations to our arsenal of weapons, and the advances that wereRead MoreThe Relationship Between Modernity and the First World War1565 Words   |  7 PagesThe First World War, also known as the Great War of 1914-1918, is not an event that manifested overnight; it was the result of ever growing tension among European nations. This conflict was brought about by factors such as, nationalism, militarism, and the Alliance system. An upheaval such as the First World War was witness to the emergence of the glorification of war, struggle, despair, destruction and immense loss of life. The First World War brought about a defining moment in the history of the

Agent Orange Medical Ethics - 1657 Words

Motivation: Throughout the past Forty years the Vietnam war and it’s after effects have shaped and changed so many individuals and their lives. I will expose a deeper look at what actually occurred during the war and most importantly what actually caused the millions and millions of lives; both Vietnamese, Japanese, and American. Problem statement: With war comes after effects and throughout the past Forty years many American Veterans from Vietnam have had health complications and issues due to the widespread use of Agent Orange during the duration of the war, especially at base camps. These ailments, cancers, and diseases can be traced back to a series of Chemical Defoliates or herbicides that have left traces of Dioxin with whoever or wherever it once was used or sprayed. Conclusions: For all of these Veterans affected by this chemical unknowingly deserve restitution and better yet compensation for their medical issues and bills.  Agent Orange: Medical Ethics Agent Orange was widely used throughout the entire Vietnam war by Anti-Communist forces. In 1962, 85% of the food sources in Vietnam were targeted to be sprayed with Agent Orange from the air. Helicopters and planes were used in order to do aerial drops consistently and easily. On top of the use of Agent Orange on the forests of Vietnam, United States military bases used this herbicide daily if not weekly in order to keep the lands on the bases clean and low amounts to no vegetation on the bases. Many UnitedShow MoreRelatedVietnam War Terms1357 Words   |  5 Pagesthree branches of government should always be equal in power. ID: Operation Rolling Thunder was around the clock bombing of both North and South Vietnam, in hopes to cripple to Vietcong supply lines. Bombs such as cluster bombs, napalm, and Agent Orange were used. Sig: Operation Rolling Thunder did not work. Bombs were dropped on anything imaginable, but that did not deter the Vietcong from gaining independence. The only effect that Operation Rolling Thunder had was on American allies. FirstlyRead MoreDo I Choose Life Or Death My Unborn Baby?1406 Words   |  6 Pagesno control of, yet we pray to God to even become pregnant or bless the baby to be just healthy. In the world today, many women experience suffrage, with childbearing. The internal emotions fall to the wayside without the acknowledgment from other medical doctors to assist, with pain and healing within. A woman blessed with the chance to bring life into the world, and then right before her eyes, life simultaneously changes because of a health dilemma. Then the test of choices become a life or deathRead MoreSusan Finally Gets Pregnant With Down Syndrome Essay1650 Words   |  7 Pagesno control of, yet we pray to God to even become pregnant or bless the baby to be just healthy. In the world today, many women experience suffrage, with childbearing. The internal emotions fall to the wayside without the acknowledgment from other medical doctors to assist, with pain and healing within. A woman blessed with the chance to bring life into the world, and then right before her eyes, life simultaneously changes because of a health dilemma. Then the test of choices become a life or deathRead MoreEssay on Moral Luck1873 Words   |  8 Pagesâ€Å"luck of this kind affects whether he will be justified or not, since if it strikes, he will not be justified† (Williams, p.25). Therefore, in his book â€Å"Moral Luck†, Williams introduced a new term â€Å"moral luck† referring to â€Å"luck that occurs when an agent can be correctly treated as an object of moral judgment despite the fact that a significant aspect of what she is assessed for depends on factors beyond her control† (Nelkin). Nagel agrees to Williams’ idea and categorizes ‘moral luck’ into four differentRead MoreJeanne Harley Guillemin on Biological Weapons3027 Words   |  12 Pageswell as being an author and medical anthropologist, for 25 she was a Professor of Sociology at Boston College. There, she participated in extensive research on medical ethics and hospital technology. For her works she received fellowships to become a member of the U.S. Senate Finance Committee at the Hastings Center for The Study of Ethics. In addition, she was co-head of the National Library of Medicine’s Health Aware Project. This was a partner project with Harvard Medical School which tested how theRead More The Bright Future of Genetic Engineering Essay2185 Words   |  9 Pagescan turn an environmental disaster into a harmless situation. Another beneficial product which is currently being field tested is a bacterium that utilizes 2,4,5-T; this is a component in agent orange. When released into a field that has been dusted with the deadly herbicide, this bacterium uses agent orange as its sole source of energy. Capable of reducing the presence of 2,4,5-T from 10,000 - 20,000 parts per million to 15 - 20 or less parts per million, this bacterium has the ability to renderRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legal?2233 Words   |  9 Pagesand esteemed scholar associated with the conservative Hoover Institution has claimed that the legalization and taxation of marijuana would be highly financially beneficial to the country (Cohen, 2009). This makes me think of a sociological shift in ethics. It seems that the religiously controlled roots of Weber s capitalism have given way to the Marxist economical roots. I think that this undertone may also be a reason why marijuana has not yet been made legal. The general consensus for Amer ican politicsRead MoreDbq Essay 14488 Words   |  18 PagesCorrect answer: a Explanation: Part of the process of becoming a true, responsible sportsman is becoming involved in efforts to make hunting a respected sport. That includes teaching others, working with landowners, and cooperating with Conservation Agents. Click here to study this again.[-20] | | Question: What should be used to screw on broadheads? a. needle-nose pliers b. gloves c. thumb and forefinger only d. specially designed wrench Your answer: a Correct answer: d Explanation: Many archersRead MoreGenetically Modified Foods And Animals1936 Words   |  8 Pagesa controversial topic. They are currently being used to conduct research on new medicines and for cures of diseases (Ormandy, Dale, and Griffin). People argue that these animals are beneficial to society because scientists or doctors can perform medical tests on them, which results in cures for diseases and new medicines to help the sick. Most of the GE animals being used today are being used to produce substances used in medicines, otherwise known as biopharm. The support of bioengineered foodsRead More Gulf War Essay2215 Words   |  9 Pages000 addition troops were sent from Saudi Arabia, The United Kingdom, France, Kuwait, Egypt, Syria, Senegal, Niger, Morocco, Bangladesh, Pakistan, The United Arab Emirates , Qatar, Oman, and Bahrain. Countries which contributed ships, air forces and medical units included Canada, Italy, Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Denmark, Greece, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Czechoslovakia, New Zealand, The Netherlands, Poland, and South Korea. Turkey allowed uses of its air bases and Japan and Germany gave financial

Digital Signature free essay sample

A digital signature is an electronic signature that can be used to authenticate the identity of the sender of a message or the signer of a document, and possibly to ensure that the original content of the message or document that has been sent is unchanged. Why use certificate signatures? Many business transactions, including financial, legal, and other regulated transactions, require high assurance when signing documents. When documents are distributed electronically, it is important that recipients can: * Verify document authenticity – confirming the identity of each person who signed the document * Verify document integrity – confirming that the document has not been altered in transit Certificate-based signatures provide both of these security services. Many businesses and governments have chosen to set up a certificate-based digital signature infrastructure within their organization – using third party certificate authorities to provide independent identity validation. Examples include: * Pharmaceutical companies who need to use signatures that comply with the SAFE (Signatures amp; Authentication For Everyone) BioPharma industry standard * Companies in the European Union who need to comply with the ETSI PAdES standard (PDF Advanced Electronic Signatures) Other reasons why more and more organizations choose to use this type of digital signatures include: 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Digital Signature or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Saving money. The electronic signing method eliminates the cost of paper, printing, and courier services. 2. Document integrity. Organizations that publish/release any kind of PDF material on the internet can now be assured that the PDF documents will not be modified in any way to alter the organization’s brand or credibility. 3. Work efficiency. Handling a document electronically (clicking a button or entering a password) is way faster than circulating it through interoffice mail or courier. A digital signature scheme typically consists of three algorithms: * A key generation algorithm that selects a private key uniformly at random from a set of possible private keys. The algorithm outputs the private key and a corresponding public key. A signing algorithm that, given a message and a private key, produces a signature. * A signature verifying algorithm that, given a message, public key and a signature, either accepts or rejects the messages claim to authenticity. Two main properties are required: 1. a signature generated from a fixed message and fixed private key should verify the authenticity of that m essage by using the corresponding public key. 2. it should be computationally infeasible to generate a valid signature for a party who does not possess the private key. H User A’s machine digests the data into a simple string of code after user A’s software has encrypted the message digest with his private key. The result is the digital signature. User A’s software then appends the digital signature to document. All of the data that was hashed has been signed. User A then passes the digitally signed document to user B. First user B’s software decrypts the signature, using User A’s public key then changing it back into a message digest. After the decryption if it has decrypted the data to digest level then verifies that user A in fact did sign the data. To stop fraud certificate authorities have been introduced. Certificate authorities can sign User A’s public key, ensuring that no one else uses Bobs information or impersonated his key. If a user is uncertain of the digital signature it is possible to verify the digital signature with the certificate authority. Signatures can also be revoked if they are abused or if it is suspected that they are abused. When a digital signature is compromised the user that suspects that the certificate is compromised should report the incident to the certificate authority.

Development European Online News And Music -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Development European Online News And Music? Answer: Introduction Online to offline (O2O) business is a strategy that uses online advertising and marketing approaches to identify potential clients, create awareness of services and products and finally lure the customer to visit the physical store to buy the goods and services (Del, 2013). This model comprises of four components content management, order management, customer service and Break Bulk deliveries to B2C (Business to Customer) (Swatman, 2009). In this paper we apply all this components on the development of an ice cream parlor in MMU. Content Management The developers of the online platform for the ice cream parlor in MMU must ensure that the content is attractive and good. The following must be put into action to ensure this: Developing a product review platform on the website This will give the customers a platform to express how they felt about the ice cream and services offered by MMU ice cream parlor. In this case customers will act as the advocates of the business thus the best way to get the ice cream validated by a third party (Ribbik, 2014). Ensuring quality images Anybody who buys goods online views their pictures first (Shen, 2014), thus MMU ice cream parlor must ensure quality pictures of their ice cream are taken. The pictures should be clear and show some of the customers eating and enjoying their ice cream. Developing an easy payment process The checkout page is the final stop for peoples shopping journey (Choi, 2008). The design must be in a way that payment is clearly shown and as easy as it can be. If possible, several payment processes should be employed and clearly displayed. Ensuring quality design Many online customers base their opinion on the websites overall design (Laudon, 2013). The MMU ice cream parlor website should be professionally designed to give it a high rating on customer opinion thus translate to increased sales. Order Management An efficient ordering online system should be ensured by the parlor through the following ways: The website must be fast and efficient MMU ice cream parlor must ensure that their site is optimized for mobile web browsers and at least implement an efficient and fast mobile app. This will ensure customers spend less time ordering for their goods thus maintain them because most of the online visitors will abandon their orders if the site requires more time to place orders. Retaining customer database The website should be designed in a way that a customer can be able to trace their previous orders easily thus when making a similar order they just click a few buttons (Nishii, 2008). Streamlining the pickup process The pickup process after orders have been made online should be made quick and easy. The customer should just present their receipt and the parlor and get their ice cream in time. Customer Service Good customer service means should be created and maintained by every business (Law, 2010).. MMU ice cream parlor should consider the following in ensuring this: Know the product well MMU ice cream parlor should ensure all its customer facing staff know the product well and beware of the most common questions that customers ask. This will help them articulate well the answers the customers require. Be friendly at all times The company should train its staff to be friendly to customers, every conversation should start with a smile and a warm greeting. If the customers call they should be addressed in a friendly way. After every service the staff should learn to say thank you. Be responsive MMU ice cream parlor staff should ensure they respond as quickly as possible to all enquiries made by customers. This will boost customer confidence thus translate to improved sales. Break Bulk Deliveries To B2c Break bulk are goods that must be loaded individually and in this case delivered to the end user (the customer) (Mikurak, 2012). The company should embrace the following in ensuring efficient delivery of its products: Secure delivery The ice cream delivery equipment and vehicles should be licensed to ensure compensation incase of any accident during delivery. Fast delivery MMU ice cream parlor should ensure that their ice cream is delivered on time to the customers, this will boost customer confidence in their services. Reliable Each time delivery is promised the companys reputation is put in the line (Rogg, 2009), thus the parlor should ensure they employ delivery mechanisms that are highly reliable. The company should come up with package tracking through the internet. Professional appearance The appearance of drivers, staff and ice cream tracks reflects on the business. The delivery vehicles should be clean and the staff should maintain a neat appearance. Conclusion The MMU ice cream Parlor must consider the ideas discussed above to ensure that it grows its customer base. Above everything else the goods, they produce must be up to standard and constant improvement ensured depending on the ever-changing customer preferences. References Del Real, A. E. (2013). U.S. Patent No. 8,353,012. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Law, R., Qi, S., Buhalis, D. (2010). Progress in tourism management: A review of website evaluation in tourism research. Tourism management, 31(3), 297-313. Mikurak, M. G. (2012). U.S. Patent No. 8,271,336. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Shen, C., Wang, Y. (2014). Online to offline business model. Laudon, K. C., Traver, C. G. (2013). E-commerce. Pearson. Swatman, P. M., Krueger, C., Van Der Beek, K. (2009). The changing digital content landscape: An evaluation of e-business model development in European online news and music. Internet Research, 16(1), 53-80. Ribbink, D., Van Riel, A. C., Liljander, V., Streukens, S. (2014). Comfort your online customer: quality, trust and loyalty on the internet. Managing Service Quality: An International Journal, 14(6), 446-456. Choi, T. Y., Eboch, K. (2008). The TQM paradox: relations among TQM practices, plant performance, and customer satisfaction. Journal of Operations Management, 17(1), 59-75. Nishii, L. H., Lepak, D. P., Schneider, B. (2008). Employee attributions of the why of HR practices: Their effects on employee attitudes and behaviors, and customer satisfaction. Personnel psychology, 61(3), 503-545. Rogg, K. L., Schmidt, D. B., Shull, C., Schmitt, N. (2009). Human resource practices, organizational climate, and customer satisfaction. Journal of management, 27(4), 431-449.

Encounter with Mercury

Introduction The solar system is comprised of nine planets and each planet rotates on its own axis. Mercury is the innermost planet because of its close proximity to the sun.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Encounter with Mercury specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This planet can hardly support any life because the temperatures within its atmosphere are very high1, 2. However, it is difficult to observe Mercury because the sun’s rays create a high contrast, which in return blurs the image. Perhaps this is why astronauts could not explore the entire planet at a go2. The first spaceship to ever land in mercury was the Mariner 10 in 1974. In March 2011, another spaceship by the name messenger (Mercury, Surface, Space Environment, Geochemistry and Ranging) landed in mercury to complete the unfinished business that was commenced by Mariner 10 2, 3 .This paper will therefore focus on the location of mercury with respect to the solar system. Besides that, the paper will analyze the expedition of the Messenger on mercury’s surface. Figure 1 – Mercury 9 The distance between the nine planets of the solar system is very wide such that human carriers such as planes cannot cover the distance. It is in this regard that scientists invented the rockets. After the rockets were developed, astronauts have been able to explore the other planets that surround the sun 3, 4. Mercury has been of much interest because it is very close to the sun. One would think that it is not necessary to know about the other planets because each planet exists independently. However, the planets depend on one common source of natural lighting and thus, understanding what happens in the other planets would enable us to prepare for future changes such as global warming. Mercury basics Mercury Composition Mercury is comprised of metallic compounds that emit magnetic fields that are weaker than those of the earth 9. The density of this planet is almost the same to that of the earth and this explains why the winds carried the eroded soils. If its density were low, the soils would have remained on its surface. The landscape of mercury has many escarpments, mountains and craters.Advertising Looking for report on astronomy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Figure 2 – Mercury’s Landscape There are also low-lying grounds that suggest that the planet has been dormant for a long time 6. Falling comets and asteroids must have caused the craters. These two objects must have landed on mercury’s surface during a volcanic eruption; otherwise, they would not have left permanent impressions. The craters cover hundreds of kilometers and some are more than a thousand kilometers wide 7, 30. Just like the earth, mercury’s core is comprised of molten lava due to high temperatures. The falling comets pierced through its core, wh ich caused the molten magma to leak into the pools that the falling objects created. Mercury is very small compared to the other planets. One would thus expect it to go round the sun much faster than the other planets but contrary to this, its speed is relatively slow. It takes 59 days to complete one round 8, 20. The earth takes 365 days, which adds up to one calendar year. This rotation is what brings the changes in seasons. For instance, during certain months days are longer than nights and vice versa. That is why darkness takes longer to set in. The metallic components cause mercury most of the light it receives from the sun and that is why it can be confused with the moon. There is hardly any water or even water vapor for that matter on mercury’s atmosphere 5. This is because the high temperatures would evaporate the water. But amazingly there is frozen water beneath the craters and it seems the craters shield the ice water from the high temperatures because if this was not the case the ice would have been melted and eventually evaporate into the thin air. Mercury does not have an atmosphere, but the exosphere, which has metallic compounds such as potassium, helium, hydrogen and sodium 10, occupies this vacuum. Besides that, the orbit of this planet hindered its possible exploration. Mercury has a higher orbit speed and thus the spaceship must travel at very fast speeds because any kind of hesitation would cause the entire house consumed.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Encounter with Mercury specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The above statement may not sound logical because mercury is in close proximity with the sun and thus the rays of sun are still much stronger when they land on its surface11. In fact, the temperatures in this planet can exceed 400 degrees Celsius during the day and subside to lows of negative one hundred and seventy. It is important to note that its not al l craters in mercury that contain ice water and hence the ice limited to north and south poles which are at the extreme ends of the planet and thus they rarely come into contact with sun light 11, 12. It is possible to see mercury via a telescope. One can spot the planet on the western skies before the fall of darkness and early in the morning on the eastern skies 12. However, one cannot see the whole image because light does not shine on the entire planet. The planet appears in phases similar to those of the moon such as half and full. Table 1 – Properties of Mercury 39 Mariner 10 Mariner 10 was the first spaceship that NASA (National Aeronautics and Space administration) deployed to mercury in 1974. This model aimed at eliciting an understanding of mercury’s environment, features and atmosphere 13. Among the tools fitted on the Mariner 10 included cameras with digital tape recorder, ultraviolet spectrometer, infrared radiometer, solar plasma, charged particles, mag netic fields, radio occultation and celestial mechanics. Figure 3 – Mariner 10 26Advertising Looking for report on astronomy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Without the enhancements, Mariner 10 would not have captured any images. This is because taking the images was supposed to happen when the spaceship was in motion. For instance, the digital camera ensured that the ship would capture as many images as possible 14. Scientists and explores aligned the spaceship to mercury’s orbit and that is how it managed to analyze the movements of this planet. The radio transmitters were to be used to transmit the findings captured on tape to the experts in NASA’s offices. The expedition did not last for long because the ship ran out of gas, which led to termination of its transmitter’s portal 15. However, scientists believe that the ship still goes round the sun, but this argument is far from being true because NASA received the last signal in 1975. NASA officials argue that the devices that are responsible for conveying information from the ship failed due to their exposure to the radiations from the sun. In essence, the marin er was able to cover 40% of mercury because the sunlight struck only one of the planets and thus, when the spaceship flew over it the images covered only one area while the rest of the planet was shadowed 16. The need for messenger Since Mariner 10 did not complete its mission, NASA decided to deploy another spaceship to provide more information on Mercury. The ship was called Messenger (Mercury Surface, Space Environment, Geochemistry and Ranging) 16, 17. Just as its name suggests, the ship was destined for mercury with the aim of analyzing the planet’s environment and the chemical matter on the planet’s surface. Messenger was launched to address the following specific questions about Mercury 38: What was the planetary formational process of Mercury? Was it through volcanism or coverage by particles from craters? How can we describe the history of Mercury in regards to geologic concepts? What are the state and source of the planet’s magnetic composition? What is the nature and size of Mercury’s iron core? What are the essential volatile species on Mercury? What are the radar-reflective components at the planet’s surface? Messenger used the same approach like its predecessor, the Mariner 10. Messenger was bound to capture more information regarding mercury due to its advanced mechanisms. Messenger strives to address the questions above because the ship still sends information back to earth. More truth waits to be unveiled through space expeditions because now, Mercury is out of bound due to unfavorable weather conditions. In this regard, space explorations have advanced our knowledge about the solar system. The solar system is far from complete exploration because newer technologies are still emerging to ensure we are able to get more information regarding Mercury. The flyovers have been very useful because scientists have been able to understand the compositions of other planets during the epic flyovers. The position of Me rcury favors space expeditions because it is very close to the sun, and thus the data obtained from it is essential to reflect the composition at the core of solar system. The space explorations help us to understand why the earth is the only planet that can support life. Messenger Messenger’s mission was commissioned in 2004 by NASA 18.The first departure took place in January 2008. This implies that the probe team needed four years to prepare for the departure to ensure that the occurrence experienced with Mariner 10 does not recur 19. Nevertheless, during the first departure the spaceship navigated over the skies of mercury and managed to capture numerous images of the planet including the other half that Mariner 10 did not cover. Test Drive The second departure happened in October 2008.The ship had earlier been tested in 2005 by NASA who made the ship to navigate the area over the earth’s surface 20. During this period of test drive NASA was certain that all the eq uipment were going to function as intended. The ship was able to analyze the compounds in the earth’s atmosphere. Besides that, the tools fitted on the ship were able to gauge the magnitude of the earth’s magnetism 21. Engineers repeated these tasks once the ship in the Mercury’s orbit. In October 2006, Messenger navigated the space adjacent to Venus with the aim of acquiring geological knowledge on the planet. However, NASA did not accomplish the mission because the earth was in a position that prevented the sun from emitting radiation, and thus it was difficult to capture the images without natural light 22. The explorers had to repeat the fly over session in June 2007 because the first one did not bear any fruits. During this second episode, the tools mounted on the ship were able to capture images on the surface of Venus. This success was because of the sun’s radiation that created ultraviolet rays, thus enhancing the imaging process 23. The camera ca ptured the images in x-ray format. Encounter with Mercury After the first and the second flyovers in 2008 were successful, Messenger decided to make the last navigation in 2009. It is important to note that the aim of each flyover was to capture more information than the previous one and therefore the ship had to fly deeper to get a clear view. During this last session, the speed of the ship declined and thus it had to proceed in safe mode 24. This challenge did not hinder it from navigating the space but it eventually led to loss of data captured. However, scientists managed to control the situation seven hours later. The ship had to go deeper into the space, and it was difficult to achieve this objective without altering the velocity of the ship. Engineers executed the DSM-5, which was part of the ship to earn the magnitude of velocity that was necessary to enhance the integration process. Figure 4 – Messenger Orbiting Mercury 13 If DMS-5 was not eliminated the ship would not have been able to move faster once it reached the sun’s gravity pond. In addition, the ship would have consumed a lot of fuel to travel at a higher speed 25. In March 2011, NASA managed to incorporate Messenger at a strategic position in Mercury’s orbit to shield it from the sun’s radiation. Spaceship Design The entire structure of the ship measures 1.82 meters, which is its height and a corresponding width of 1.27 meters 26. The engineers hoist the structure using graphite fiber materials, which ensure that the propellant tanks remain in their place. The graphite panels is made into a compartment that houses the LVA(large velocity adjust) thrust, attitude regulators, rectification thrusters, antennas, instrument pallet and extensive ceramic textile material. The ship’s luggage capacity cannot exceed 607.8 kilograms 27. Four 22N monopropellant thrusters direct the ship when the engine executed the10 thrusters at the initial stage. The attitude regulat ors, through a response wheel attitude-regulator system use the monopropellant thrusters. Attitude regulation is induced by information availed by star trackers in conjunction with inertial system and six sun sensors 28. Two small deep space transponders convey information through the deep space network. The DSN is aided by three antennas that transmit signals at different intervals that are high, medium and low 28. All the three antennas have the capacity to convey 8.4 GHz of signal. On the other hand, they cannot accept signals beyond 7.2 GHz. The antennas are on the uppermost front such that they are in the sun’s line of view. Another pair of three antennas is on the rear of the ship 29. This positioning of antennas ensures that they can get signals from the surrounding environment before and after approaching the planet. The spaceship obtains power from a two panel solar array that generates 450 watts. Each of the panel is movable which means they can rotate as the positi on of the sun changes. The panels are fitted with reflectors to divert excess solar energy. The solar energy is stored in a 23-ampere nickel hydrogen battery. Besides, a computerized system operates The Messenger. IBM manufactures the processors of the system and they are highly resistant to radiation. One of the processors is 25 MHz. This capacity is ideal because this processor handles most of the tasks in the system. The other processor is 10 MHz and is responsible for rectifying any errors that may arise during the ship’s expedition 30. The ship has recorders that are specialized for capturing still images and has the storage capacity of one gigabyte. The recorders have a processor that keeps the information obtained from the space in compressed formats, which the machine then conveys to NASA offices for interpretation purposes. This means that if the spaceship downloads information to the wrong target, the data would be irrelevant. The spaceship employs a SciBox applicat ion program to induce the functionality of the tools that are responsible for capturing images and radiations 31. The program ensures that each tool functions independently to avoid a clash of system request. This is similar to interrupt requests allocated to computer devices to ensure that the system understands the device that seeks its attention. Tools on the Spaceship The Messenger has many instruments that enhance its performance. They include numerous CCD cameras. Among the cameras, two of them are unique in their specification because they capture images at broad and narrow angles 32. These cameras have extremely high resolutions because their lenses have 250 pixels and that capability is limited to every 250 meters. Figure 5 – Imaging System 30 The wide-angle camera captures colored images when need arises. The cameras reside on a raised surface but most times, they are on top of edges of pointed structures. The wide-angle camera is useful because it helps to draw a line between objects that are in a given image. Without the cameras, it would be very difficult to analyze the features of mercury because the spaceship does not stop during the expedition. Gamma-ray spectrometer (GRS) gauges the gamma rays received from the core of mercury. This device is capable of detecting the presence of certain compounds in the gamma rays 33. The compounds that are most likely to be contained in gamma rays emitted from the core of a given planet include oxygen, silicon, sulphur, iron, hydrogen, potassium, thorium and uranium. Figure 6 – Components of Messenger Neutron Spectrometer (NS) analyzes hydrogen compounds in a given mineral matter within a range of forty centimeters. This analysis commences when cosmic rays meet the surface of the mineral. This means that the cosmic rays penetrate forty centimeters into the surface of the mineral. Without this ability, it would be difficult to understand the composition of the minerals because the materials are difficult to extract 33. Figure 7 – X-ray Spectrometer 16 The x-ray spectrometer (XRS) enables one to see the inside of the surface of mercury by identifying the x-ray spectral dimensions originating from magnesium, aluminum, sulphur, calcium, iron and titanium within a range of 1-10 keV. This device uses the same technology as x-ray equipments used in diagnosis of humans. Through x-ray imaging, we are able to understand the core structure of mercury. The magnetometer (MAG) gauges the magnetic field from the core of a given planet. The same tool determines whether the magnetic field is strong or weak 34. The earth has a stronger magnetic field than that of mercury: the MAG elicited this information. The Mercury laser altimeter (MLA) evaluates the heights of tall features on the surface of mercury such as mountains and ridges. Scientists obtain the exact details of land formations when the infrared light lands on the surface of mercury and because while the ship is in motion , it derives the figures when the light is departing from a given area. Additionally, the mercury atmospheric and surface composition spectrometer (MASCS) analyzes the attributes of mercury’s atmosphere. This knowledge emerges because the machine traps the ultraviolet rays that fall on the surface of mercury when they are being refracted 35. The reflectance helps is detecting the presence of titanium and iron on the surface of mercury. Besides that, the charged particle and plasma spectrometer (EPPS) gauges the charged particles that are within mercury’s magnetosphere by employing a charged particle spectrometer to observe the charged particle that is obtained from the surface of mercury during the use of fast imaging plasma spectrometer. Messenger Data to-Date The expeditions of Messenger into mercury have inspired other agencies to embark on their own missions. Japan is planning to combine its efforts with Bepicolombo, which is a European agency in a bid to deploy a spaceship to mercury 36. The two entities have two common agendas, which entail understanding the map of the planet and evaluating the magnetosphere of the same planet. Bepicolombo is committed to penetrating the orbit of mercury by the year 2019. This is because the agency aims at gaining geological knowledge of planets that are adjacent to mercury in its first years. This is to suggest that they will employ the same tactics of flying over the planet several times 37. The approach is ideal because it worked for mariner 10 and Messenger. The Russian Soyuz also expects to deploy their spaceship into the orbit of mercury. Conclusions It seems that geological agencies are focusing on understanding the structure of mercury. The space expeditions are significant because they help in eliminating assumptions. For instance, before the deployment of mariner 10 some people used to think mercury is a star while others thought it is a moon of its own kind. Other agencies should refer to the exp erience that Mariner 10 encountered to keep their distance from the sun to avoid coming into contact with radiations of the sun. Telescopic observations should also continue because they can also capture events as they unfold. The materials used to construct spaceship should be resistant to radiation such as the ones used on Messenger. Before deploying a spaceship into the space, engineers should test-drive it to prove that all the tools are functioning as expected. The structure of the spaceship should be flexible to take full advantage of the solar energy as was seen in Messenger. Moreover, engineers must not ignore scientific tools in a spaceship, and that means that a backup plan is required, just in case there is any fault. References â€Å"BepiColumbo – Background Science†. European Space Agency. Retrieved from http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/category/index.cfm?fcategoryid=4586 â€Å"Countdown to MESSENGER’s Closest Approach with Mercury†. Johns H opkins University Applied Physics Laboratory. January 14, 2008. Retrieved from http://messenger.jhuapl.edu/gallery/sciencePhotos/image.php?gallery_id=2image_id=115 â€Å"ESA gives go-ahead to build BepiColombo†. European Space Agency. February 26, 2007. Retrieved from http://www.esa.int/esaSC/SEMC8XBE8YE_index_0.html â€Å"Gamma-Ray and Neutron Spectrometer (GRNS)†. NASA / National Space Science Data Center. Retrieved from http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=2004-030A-02 â€Å"Magnetometer (MAG)†. NASA / National Space Science Data Center. Retrieved from http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=2004-030A-07 â€Å"Mercury Dual Imaging System (MDIS)†. NASA / National Space Science Data Center. Retrieved from http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=2004-030A-01 â€Å"Mercury Elongation and Distance†. Retrieved from http://home.comcast.net/~kpheider/Mercury.txt —Numbers generated using the Solar Sy stem Dynamics Group, Horizons On-Line Ephemeris System â€Å"Mercury†. NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved from http://solarsystem.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=MercuryDisplay=OverviewLong â€Å"MESSENGER Engine Burn Puts Spacecraft on Track for Venus†. SpaceRef.com. Retrieved from http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewsr.html?pid=18956 â€Å"MESSENGER Gains Critical Gravity Assist for Mercury Orbital Observations†. MESSENGER Mission News. Retrieved from http://messenger.jhuapl.edu/ â€Å"MESSENGER Mercury Orbit Insertion† (Press release). NASA/APL. March 18, 2011. Retrieved from http://messenger.jhuapl.edu/news_room/Mercury_PK_TST_Rev7_Web.pdf â€Å"NASA Spacecraft Circling Mercury†. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2011/03/17/science/AP-US-SCI-Mercury.html?_r=1ref=science â€Å"Space Topics: Compare the Planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth, The Moon, and Mars†. Planetary Society. Retrieved from http:/ /www.planetary.org/explore/topics/compare_the_planets/terrestrial.html â€Å"The Medium-gain Antenna of the MESSENGER Spacecraft†. Microwave Journal. October 1, 2005. â€Å"The Medium-gain Antenna of the MESSENGER Spacecraft†. Microwave Journal. October 1, 2005. Retrieved from http://www.mwjournal.com/Journal/article.asp?HH_ID=AR_110 â€Å"X-ray Spectrometer (XRS)†. NASA / National Space Science Data Center. Retrieved 2011-02-19. Retrieved from http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=2004-030A-03 Bakich, M. E. (2000). The Cambridge Planetary Handbook. New York: Cambridge University Press Baumgardner, J., Mendillo, M., Wilson, J. K. (2000). A Digital High-Definition Imaging System for Spectral Studies of Extended Planetary Atmospheres. I. Initial Results in White Light Showing Features on the Hemisphere of Mercury Unimaged by Mariner 10. The Astronomical Journal, 119 (5): 2458–2464. Biswas, S. (2000). Cosmic Perspectives in Space Physics. Astrophysics and Space Science Library. New York: Springer. Correia, A.C. Laskar, J. (2004). Mercury’s capture into the 3/2 spin–orbit resonance as a result of its chaotic dynamics. Nature, 429 (6994): 848–850. Dantowitz, R. F., Teare, S. W., Kozubal, M. J. (2000). Ground-based High-Resolution Imaging of Mercury. Astronomical Journal, 119 (4): 2455–2457. Lakdawalla, E (2008, July 3). MESSENGER Scientists ‘Astonished’ to Find Water in Mercury’s Thin Atmosphere. The Planetary Society. Retrieved from http://www.planetary.org/news/2008/0703_MESSENGER_Scientists_Astonished_to.html Espenak, F. (2005, April 21). Transits of Mercury. NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center. Retrieved from http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/transit/catalog/MercuryCatalog.html Fleming, N. (2008, January 18). Star Trek-style ion engine to fuel Mercury craft. The Telegraph Grayzeck, E. (2008, April 2). Mariner 10. NSSDC Master Catalog. NASA. Retrieved from http://nssdc.gsfc. nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1973-085A Walker, J. Mercury Chaser’s Calculator. Fourmilab Switzerland. Retrieved from http://www.fourmilab.ch/images/3planets/elongation.html Kelley, D. H., Milone, E. F., Aveni, A.F. (2004). Exploring Ancient Skies: An Encyclopedic Survey of Archaeoastronomy. Birkhà ¤user. L. V. Ksanfomality (2006). Earth-based optical imaging of Mercury. Advances in Space Research, 38 (4): 594. Laskar, J.; Gastineau, M. (2009, June 11). Existence of collisional trajectories of Mercury, Mars and Venus with the Earth. Nature, 459 (7248): 817–819 McClintock, W. Lankton, M. (2007). The Mercury Atmospheric and Surface Composition Spectrometer for the MESSENGER Mission. Space Science Reviews, 131(1): 481–521. Moore, P. (2000). The Data Book of Astronomy. New York: CRC Press. Roylance, F. (2011, March 17). Messenger successfully goes into orbit around Mercury. Baltimore Sun. Retrieved from http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2011-03-17/news/bs-m d-messenger-orbit-20110317_1_mercury-orbit-messenger-spacecraft-nasa-s-messen Schaefer, B. E. (2007). The Latitude and Epoch for the Origin of the Astronomical Lore in Mul.Apin. American Astronomical Society Meeting 210, #42.05 (American Astronomical Society) 38, 157 Srinivasan, D.K., Perry, M.E., Karl, B. F, Smith, D.E., Maria, T.Z. (2007). The Radio Frequency Subsystem and Radio Science on the MESSENGER Mission. Space Science Reviews, 131(1), 557–571. Staff. (2008). MESSENGER: Mercury and Ancient Cultures. NASA JPL. Retrieved from http://www.messenger-education.org/elusive_planet/ancient_cultures_2.php Tariq, M. (2004, August 16). â€Å"MESSENGER to test theory of shrinking Mercury†. USA Today. Retrieved from http://www.usatoday.com/tech/news/2004-08-16-mercury-may-shrink_x.htm Tunà § T. (2003, January 22). Total Solar Eclipse of 2006 March 29. Department of Physics at Fizik Bolumu in Turkey. Retrieved from http://www.physics.metu.edu.tr/~aat/TSE2006/TSE2006.html S prague, A. L. Mercury: A World of Fire and Ice. Retrieved from http://www.alpo-astronomy.org/mercury/messenger.pdf â€Å"Planet Mercury Data†. Retrieved from http://www.princeton.edu/~willman/planetary_systems/Sol/Mercury/ This report on Encounter with Mercury was written and submitted by user Cale Bolton to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Slave Treatment

The Treatment of the Slaves The Europeans did not care how they treated Africans on the ships. The conditions on the ships were horrible; I do not know how the Africans survive the trip across the Atlantic. The food the Europeans fed the Africans was disgusting. Being chained together side by side the Europeans abused their own Humanity the way they treated the slaves. They believe that Africa was a savage land, that Africans had never known any reasonable social order of their own. That African slave deserved no better than they got. In centuries a total of fifteen million men, women and children of African blood were delivered into transatlantic slavery, under conditions so hideous that another nine million are estimated to have died during the crossing. In the worst ships, in which the slave-holds were not property aired. The slaves were not properly fed and exercised, in which the crews were bestial and drunken. 'Nowhere in the annals of history has a people experienced such a long and traumatic ordeal as Africans during the Atlantic slave trade. Over the nearly four centuries of the slave - which continued until the end of the Civil War - millions of African men, women, and children were savagely torn from their homeland, herded onto ships, and dispersed all over the so-called New World. Although there is no way to compute exactly how many people perished, it has been estimated that between thirty and sixty million Africans were subjected to this horrendous triangular trade system and that only one third-if that-of those people survived...' The triangular trade system was so named because the ships embarked from European ports, stopped in Africa to gather the captives, after which they set out for the New World to deliver their human cargo, and then returned to the port of origin. The Middle Passage was that leg of the slave triangle that brought the human cargo from West Africa to North America, South Ameri... Free Essays on Slave Treatment Free Essays on Slave Treatment The Treatment of the Slaves The Europeans did not care how they treated Africans on the ships. The conditions on the ships were horrible; I do not know how the Africans survive the trip across the Atlantic. The food the Europeans fed the Africans was disgusting. Being chained together side by side the Europeans abused their own Humanity the way they treated the slaves. They believe that Africa was a savage land, that Africans had never known any reasonable social order of their own. That African slave deserved no better than they got. In centuries a total of fifteen million men, women and children of African blood were delivered into transatlantic slavery, under conditions so hideous that another nine million are estimated to have died during the crossing. In the worst ships, in which the slave-holds were not property aired. The slaves were not properly fed and exercised, in which the crews were bestial and drunken. 'Nowhere in the annals of history has a people experienced such a long and traumatic ordeal as Africans during the Atlantic slave trade. Over the nearly four centuries of the slave - which continued until the end of the Civil War - millions of African men, women, and children were savagely torn from their homeland, herded onto ships, and dispersed all over the so-called New World. Although there is no way to compute exactly how many people perished, it has been estimated that between thirty and sixty million Africans were subjected to this horrendous triangular trade system and that only one third-if that-of those people survived...' The triangular trade system was so named because the ships embarked from European ports, stopped in Africa to gather the captives, after which they set out for the New World to deliver their human cargo, and then returned to the port of origin. The Middle Passage was that leg of the slave triangle that brought the human cargo from West Africa to North America, South Ameri...

Follow up to S6W4Dq Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Follow up to S6W4Dq - Assignment Example However, critical analysis reveals that its implications may not augur well especially in view of the vast interest United States has in the global arena. Taking this into consideration, it is worth noting that the suggestion of intensifying economic and political negotiations, while moderating U.S.’s military presence in foreign countries is the most feasible alternative. In the debate leading up to the 2012 U.S. presidential elections, Mr. Mitt Romney acknowledged the need of â€Å"strong allies† to serve as a deterrent to would-be aggressors. In addition, he was quick to warn that U.S. must be more prescriptive in the manner it deploys its military force on foreign missions. Echoing the same sentiments was President Obama. Obama insisted on the need of U.S. to concentrate â€Å"on alliances and relationships† in order to assist the foreign partners to improve their ability to defend themselves. In this, President Obama suggested initiating security training programs as well as equipping them to contain regional conflicts (Robert, 2012). In conclusion, I find it feasible for U.S. to increase its economic, political and diplomatic ties with other nations. However, its military presence should be moderated to only advisory and training purposes. Also, by working in conjunction with international bodies such the United Nations and African Union, U.S. can save itself from shouldering the financial burdens as the sole promoter of global democratization. Bremmer, I. (2008, summer). Supposing the United States becomes isolationist. Retrieved 3 29, 2013, from europesworld:

Ethics in Criminal Justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Ethics in Criminal Justice - Essay Example When one thinks of ethics and the attorney, it is nearly always theorized that the defense attorney bends/breaks the most ethical/moral rules. However, this could not be further from the truth. In effect, the defense attorney has a very clear function; to represent the accused and seek to have the accused acquitted or at the very least to have his/her sentence diminished. What is more, the moral and ethical responsibility in performing this job lies in the fact that regardless of the guilt or the nature of the crime, it is the attorney’s role to defend the client in all matters. Therefore, in order to perform such a function in an ethical and moral way, the attorney must actively engage to work for the benefit of those he/she represents. A complicating ethical/moral factor for the defense attorney lies in the fact that he/she may be working to set free a criminal that should be forced to serve a sentence for the crime they have perpetrated. Furthermore, the defense attorney faces a moral/ethical dilemma with regards to the victim and their friends/family/representatives. In attempting to lessen the sentence or acquit the accused, the defense attorney is understood to disrespect whatever loss that the victim’s family/friends may have experienced. Therefore, actively working to undermine the sense of closure that effective justice might bring these parties further complicates the roles and responsibilities of the defense attorney. Similarly, the prosecuting attorney has the much more ethically/morally complicated job. This is due to the fact that the prosecuting attorney is tasked with seeking to indemnify all those cases that come before him/her. Secondly, the ethical/moral responsibility and conviction of the prosecutor is further blurred by the fact that the state/entity that they represent may likely be willing to lessen or reduce a given sentence regardless

The Connotations of Sex Work and Prostitution by Alice Leuchtag Research Paper - 1

The Connotations of Sex Work and Prostitution by Alice Leuchtag - Research Paper Example In ‘Naked Profits’, Friend writes about the sexual revolution in the strippers’ club – Lusty Lady Theatre. The manager, Darell Davis announced that the club will be closed and the dancers bought the business for $400,000. It became the first employee-owned strip club in San Francisco & formed a labour union in 1997. This improved the morale of the current owners. They got could work with more sober customers. A meeting revealed that Lust Lady was in deep financial crisis. The rent was doubled. The dancers made reductions in their wages although they had to do another job for a living. Unionization had increased number of dancers. They were almost broke. Their several plans like ladies night, auctioning, failed. The old problem persisted – they workers always kept complaining about the management, although it was self-selected. In Garvey's writing, one can observe that the author tries to explain the readers about what exactly ‘sexual discrimina tion’ refers to and the various forms. Women face problems right from being assaulted, to the lodging of complaints and seeking for investigation against the assaulters. Many regard them as lies. They are asked if they had been raped or not and other associated questions. Repetitive questioning in front of police or stranger investigators and under the light of media make them recount the horrible experience time and again. Generally, they are also discouraged by their families due to obvious shame and alienation from society. Pelka’s text reveals the experience of a man being raped by another, but not surprisingly in the prison.

Women In The Workforce Sociology Essay

Women In The Workforce Sociology Essay It has been argued that, women have been excluded from the study of work, and that, when they are studied, the analysis has often been distorted by sexist assumptions (Acker, 1977; Acker and Van Houten, 1974; Brown, 1976; Kanter, 1975, 1977; Oakley, 1974). Prior to the industrial revolution, the family economy operated as a cohesive unit; typically all family members, regardless of age or gender, were engaged in productive labour (Tilly and Scott, 1978). Given gendered expectations, along with a gendered opportunity structure (Browne and England, 1997), we, therefore, assume that Women would benefit from arrangements providing the most family-related resources and Supports in terms of both economic capital (e.g. income, security) and social capital (e.g. less time on the job, a supportive supervisor). Wethington and Kessler (1989) found women with high employment commitments were more vulnerable to distress (see also Mirowsky, 1996). Nowadays women have more freedom in choosing the path for their future and they may decide whether or not to combine career with having children. Womens increased share of the labour force has prompted businesses to respond to their family needs by providing flexitime, or flexible work schedules (Wiatrowski, 1990). Bergmann 1986 highlights that middle class women are having fewer children; their labour force participation is now less responsive to their position in the family cycle. In fact as stated by Robinson, 1988 Women still do much more housework and family care than men, but the hours women spend performing these duties have been declining, particularly among younger women. The entrance of women of all ages into the labour force in the second half of the twentieth century has created another period of structural lag (Moen and Yu, 2000). However although there has been effort done to increase diversity, female employees still face the glass ceiling when it comes to the top management jobs. The glass ceiling is according to Maume,2004 a failure of women or a certain minority groups in climbing up the corporate ladder, despite seeing the top jobs but still not reaching them due to the discriminatory barriers. The expectations from the womens family and from the society may sometimes affect the decisions of women in their career objectives which may act as a barrier. The society sometimes treats women differently. Sometimes often careers are cut short because of for instance maternity leave which takes women out of the workplace for months at a time where the company needs to move on. However, over the last years there was a change in the perspective that women are not as effective as men and this was highlighted in the Economist Men -Tomorrows second sex. A One Chief Executive Officer of a large Mauritian multi-national stated recently: Women have done really well here and moved on. Ive never come across sexist views. There are some really good assertive women role models here. Women want to progress and peoples attitudes have changed. Women in hospitality Woods and Viehland (2000) found that although practitioners and researchers were concerned with females status in hotel management, only a few empirical studies examined this topic. Whether the issue has been scrupulously studied or not, relevant literature clarified that it was widely debated (Mann and Seacord, 2003; Del Sesto, 1993). In UK, the tourism sector was one of the area where there was the fastest growth and in the 80s three quarter of this growth was womens who were the most represented mainly in partime jobs ,insecure, low status and clerical post. Recent years have seen an emergence of studies that explore mobility, the role of women in the labor force and the expansion of the internationally hospitality workforce (Baum et al,2007 ; Devin,Baum,Hearns,Devine2007a,2007b;MatthewRuhs,2007).Today tourism presents both the opportunities and challenges for gender equality and womens empowerment. (Global report on women in tourism 2010). Females contribute a significant proportion of the labor force in several countries awareness of the factors and the constraints that might affect their participation is increasingly required for their managers ( Burrel et al, 1997). The participation and involvement of women in tourism sector is being encouraged and womens participation has increased directly and indirectly in tourism industry also Boxall and Purcell,2003 states that the career ladder within hotels is predicated on the conventional employment models of continuous employment and linear progression. (Bagulley, 1990, Hicks 1990; Jordon 1997 ; Wood 1992) Identify that the tourism and hospitality sectors are dominated by women and managed by men; in fact it is very common as the service sector is largely populated by women and they are more present especially at the lower level. Women are important to the hospitality labour market ( Doherty 1997). In many of the literature review it has been observed and declared by many authors that women are key participants in the tourism labour market ( Ashley,Roe and Goodwin 2001;Jameison 2003) ,although there is a belief that women tend to be disadvantaged in this sector as few women occupy the senior executive positions and those that do receive less pay ( Iverson,2000 ; Jordon 1997 ; Ng and Pine 2003 ; Skalpe,2007; Zhong and Couch,2007). However, we can put forward assertion was that girls are now outperforming boys at every level in school and closing the gap at university level. Women in fact predominate in the growing service sector, while men are trapped in declining heavy industries the sugar industry is an example (In Mauritius) and that employed men are no longer attractive marriage partners. (Tulsidas Naraidoo, 2011) It has been found that women are more likely to fill part time roles , 54% of female working in the sector work part time, compared to 46% of man-according to women case for change-executive summary 2010. Beyond the rapidly increasing numbers of female entering the workplace (Mc Dougal Briley 1994), we cannot neglect womens contribution in tourism development as for instance nowadays the proportion of women graduated in the sector is increasing at a rapid rate. Women are acknowledged as key participants in the tourism labor market (Ashley, Roe and Goodwin 2001; Jamieson 2003). According to Kate Purcell the womens jobs fall predominantly three categories: Contingently- gendered jobs which happen to be mainly done by women but for which the demand for labour is gender-neutral. Women work in such jobs as a result of employers pursuit of economic advantage rather than gendered preferences; they want cheap workers, and women particularly, married women seeking part time work have historically been available for employment for lower average rates of pay than men; partly reflecting their status as component rather than breadwinner. Crompton and Sanderson[8, pp. 155-8] sextyped jobs, where sexuality or other attributes assumed to be sex-related are explicit or implicit parts of the job specification In the hospitality industry it is a clichà © that the right kind of personality is a more important employment prerequisite than formal qualifications[13,14]. Where Filbys[16] finding that personality tends to be used as a synonym for sexual attractiveness and/or gender-specific tacit skills and attributes. He was told by a male manager he interviewed that recruitment of female staff was informed by a height for weight principle It has been noted that for some front house jobs it is essential to have a certain type of woman which, when pressed, he defined as ideally between 21 and 26, with long legs and a good figure. This is because the the customers expect it. This remark was highlighted by many other authors as Adkins [17, p. 109]). Patriarchally-prescribed jobs where patriarchal practice determines and prescribes appropriate job incumbency. Patriarchal prescriptions, though, is a distinct and equally powerful tendency, deriving from largely unarticulated understandings that male dominance in the home and in the public sphere and womens dependency are normal and that these norms derive from natural differences between the sexes. Bell and Newby have identified that there is thee is the deferential dialect between male and female often, as reinforcing womens economic dependency on men by providing opportunities for component waged jobs[10] which the HCTC[3, p. 37] note, without irony, appeal to women who wish to combine the opportunity to earn an income with their domestic responsibilities. The more higher level and very well paid the post is, the more likely it will be filled by a man, even though , women may be greater in number in the industry. Gender roles play a great role for womens low involvement in direct tourism business in one hand and on the other hand many employers of this sector think that women cannot continue the job due to their social and biological reproductive responsibilities. Such attitude of the employers about women may be due to the discriminative nature of the patriarchal system of the society. Tourism provides good opportunities for female employees contribution and participation in the tourism employment. Womens entrepreneurship as well as their leadership is important. Female employee in the tourism sector earn low pay and they are sometimes under utilised and under represented. However tourism offers positive pathways to the female success in tourism. The global report on women in tourism 2010 by UNWTO and UNIFEM (now UN Women) findings were as follows: 1. Women make up a large proportion of the formal tourism workforce. 2. Women are well represented in service and clerical level jobs but poorly represented at professional levels. 3. Women in tourism are typically earning 10% to 15% less than their male counterparts. 4. The tourism sector has almost twice as many women employers as other sectors. 5. One in five tourism ministers worldwide are women. 6. Women make up a much higher proportion of own-account workers in tourism than in other sectors. 7. A large amount of unpaid work is being carried out by women in family tourism businesses. Research indicates that religion, culture, and society can influence womens employment (Constance 2005; Feldmann 2007; Foroutan 2008; Read and Oselin 2008; Read 2004) and also a good example is in the context of Malaysia, Amin and Alam (2008) also found that religion significantly influenced a womans decision regarding employment. However religion may not be the only factor discouraging women of working in hotels but also poor employee facilities and the absence of childcare facilities available in the country (Dayal and Didi 2001). 2.2.1 Women contribution to the hospitality industry Women are acknowledged as key participants in the tourism labor market(Ashley, Roe and Goodwin 2001; Jamieson 2003). The tourism sector is very labour intensive; it provides different jobs opportunities from high skilled jobs to unskilled jobs. However Women are often concentrated in low status, low paid and precarious jobs in tourism industry as quoted in the global report on women in tourism 2010. According to Garavan etal., 2006;Woods and Viehland, 2000, senior managers are predominantly male; women middle managers are in housekeeping, front desk, personnel and training and conference and banqueting, whereas male managers are in finance and control, property and security and purchasing the latter more likely to lead to the general managers job also as stated in the report of the fifth UNWTO international conference on tourism statistics the apparent rate of women in the sector seems also to be related to the cultural issues, especially for employment in housekeeping, laundry, food preparation, guest services and so on. Many countries have a high presence of the feminine labour force in tourism t his is because of the high demand of unqualified workers, especially for young women. Initially in the other hand females describe themselves much less satisfied than males in the hospitality sector. In America more than 50 % of the people who are employed in the tourism sector are women. According to Edgell, one in every fifteen people all over the world is employed in tourism sector and half of them are women. In the third world women constitute the basement of employment in tourism sector because they may work part-time, seasonally and without full salary. However, the industry plays a very important role for the education and independence of women. Since tourism is a hospitality industry, the role of women is looked upon as significant and the trend of women participation is considerably increased since the mid of 70s. According to World Tourism Organization, in tourism business 51 percent are women (MOT/UNDP, 2006). Barriers face by female employees in hotels Even though women are important for the tourism sector, barriers to the advancement of female employees continue to persist; literature has singled out societys stereotypes and prejudices against women in positions of power (Catalyst, 2002, 2005). In fact a number of possible barriers to womens career advancement have been identified (Brownell 1993), including: the glass ceiling based on gender discrimination lack of role models an absence of mentoring opportunities exclusion from informal networks gender discrimination and sexual harassment (Knutson and Schmigdall, 1999) From Richard Martell and Christopher Parker view it is stereotype which acts as a major barrier to women, they stated that women lack characteristics most needed to succeed and consequently were often judged to be less qualified than men. However from the executive summary of the case for change: Women working in hospitality, leisure, travel and tourism 2010, identify five other key barriers which according to them appear to be most significant in preventing women advancement to senior roles in the sector: the difficulty of combining work at senior roles with caring responsibilities a dominant masculine organisational culture preconceptions and gender bias lack of networking and exclusion from informal networks of communication Lack of visible women in senior positions. What can be noted is that all the authors writings upon the barriers that stop women advancements are quite the same basically. It resemble in the sense that for example the lack of example of women at senior post, the stereotype at work or even the lack of networking. There is a serious need today to establish what kinds of work women may perform and if there are any barriers to their full integration and to identify policies and practices which might be helpful for employers who wished to make better use of their female workforce. (Tulsidas Naraidoo, 2011). ). However Woods and Kavanaugh (1994) according to whom gender discrimination was an invisible barrier that kept women from reaching top positions in many management circles There are other barriers identified also for instance: Other authors have cited the old boy network (Brownell, 1994a; Diaz and Umbreit, 1995); Women may have to work twice as hard and do twice as good a job in order to warrant a promotion (Brownell, 1994b, Gregg and Johnson, 1996). Moreover Sekam 2000 sited that for family reason as well as organisational demands become to both working women and their organisation that fail to tap the full potential of experienced women thereby becoming less productive themselves. Family constraints is another barrier that women can faced it can be perceived ad a function of a females commitment to and actual involvement in duties associated with parental ,marital and homemaker roles on one hand and the amount of support she receives from her spouses and relatives on the other ( Chin-Ching 1992).Sometimes in some countries in hotel industry part-time or of informal work is the flexibility it can give to women who may be required to spend more time wo rking in the home (with family or care responsibilities). (ILO report). On the other hand some research indicates that religion, culture, and society can influence womens employment (Constance 2005; Feldmann 2007; Foroutan 2008; Read and Oselin 2008; Read 2004). 2.3.1 Segregation in the hospitality industry The theories of occupational segregation on womens employment were first presented in depth by Hakim (1992). In fact the tourism industry has shown a wide adoption of segregational occupation (Crompton and Sunderson 1990). In the industry women frequently carry out the most undesirable and lowest status work ( Adid and Guerrier 2003; Korczynski 2002) Many authors have identified the factors which contribute to the professional marginalisation of women. The interlinked factors include gender stereotyping ( Heilman,2001) ; a lack a role model , mentors and peers for women in the workplace ( Noe,1988) and the glass ceiling ( Davidson and Cooper,1992; Reich 1995). Problems of gender domination include women workers crowded into a narrow range of jobs, lack opportunities for promotion and development and insufficient opportunity to develop a broad range of skills (Gardner and Plamer 1997; Haganand Jensen 1998). The Global report on women in tourism 2010, states that gender stereotyping and discrimination means that women mainly tend to perform job such as cooking, cleaning and hospitality. Vertical and Horizontal sex segregation has been shown to exist in the hotel industry ( Ludkins 1999). As in most organisations and occupations, there are male and female occupational groups vertically and horizontally segregated throughout large hospitality organizations and hotels themselves, reflecting economic and power differences. Many studies of gender segregation have focused on international country comparisons (Jensen et al., 1988, OECD, 1999) and industry and cross sectoral comparisons (Game and Pringle, 1983; Pringle, 1988). Segregation by gender results in individual costs to women workers in terms of narrower range of employment choices and opportunities along with lower pay but there are also broader economic and social costs. It is contended that gender segregation of the workforce inhibits flexibility in responding to pressures of structural adjustments and prevents expanding national skills bases resulting in a less competitive economy. (OECD, 1991) The sexual division of labour resulting in the domination of industry sectors, organisations and professional by one gender is argued to be a major factor shaping workplace relations. (Game and Pringle, 1983; Burton, 1991) In general, gender inequality in the labour market is closely connected to educational and professional, both vertical and horizontal, segregation. The labour market is divided into womens jobs and mens jobs, and women find it hard to access managerial posts. (HCT ILO REPORT). Stockdale (1991, p.57) has defined occupational sex segregation as existing where the jobs, that women do are different from those done by men ( horizontal segregation) and women work at lower levels than men in the occupational hierarchy ( vertical segregation). It is still the case that relatively few women achieve management roles in the service areas and as a consequence few make to general management positions. This segregation within the management ranks impacts adversely on the pay of women managers and their influence in this field. Tulsidas Naraidoo, 2011. 2.3.2 Sexual issues in hotels. Urrys[18] observation that such the service and commercial industry involve the sale of an experience, where the quality of the social interaction, including the visual presentation of interactive service workers, is an intrinsic part of the service itself. If women are routinely seen as (indeed, employed as) sex objects, what implications does this have for their career development opportunities, as individuals and as a category? Interactive service jobs in hospitality, tourism and leisure, exemplify occupations where gender (and indeed, sexuality) are explicit aspects of the job. In fact tourism is associated with freedom and relaxation that have traditionally been visualized in marketing and PR with images of attractive young women. (HCT ILO REPORT). Woods and Cavanaugh (1999) stated that almost one-quarter of both males and females agreed that most women in the hospitality industry had been subjected to sexual harassment at work. The ILO report that women are, more often than men , faced with precarious types of jobs, violence at work, stress and sexual harassment. It is a fact that when working in the hotel industry the service worker must be socially attractive and friendly with the customer . An author even gave an example of a young girl who was told on starting waitress to wear her skirt as short she would feel comfortable. The main characteristics of the sexual issues are obviously the sexual harassment on the place of work that is at the hotels. Woods and Kavanagh (1994) found that hospitality managers perceive sexual harassment to be pervasive within the industry.In many customer contact roles in the service sector, sexiness is a part of the role itself, the job flirt is encouraged as a part of the service style (Hall, 1993) and there may be a thin line between selling the service and selling sexuality. The hospitality industry can be susceptible of having incidents odf sexual harassment due to the ambiguity of hospitality service , that is , the odd working hours as well as the conditions of work. 2.3.3 The gender role stereotyping perspective in hotels. Stockdale (1991, p.57) assumption about the segregation and stereotype the assumption that people in particular jobs and the jobs themselves have the characteristics of only one gender. Women in the hospitality industry are widely employed in subordinate jobs for their nurturing and/or sexual attributes. Moreover differential treatment of women has been reported in recruitment, pay and career development prospects (Brown, 1979). The reason for the different treatment is the gender role stereotyping perspective. In fact women have been socialized to adopt attitudes and behavior that are in conflict with the demands of a successful managerial career (Schein, 1973, 1975; Terborg, 1977). Sinclair (1997) found that women have been excluded from some occupations within the tourism industry due to traditional ideologies of gender and social sexuality which is very stereotyped. Stereotyping can have negative impacts to womens advancement in the workplace, since negative stereotypes of women influence how their workers perceive them, how their other colleagues perceive their work, their selection for further training and development, and finally, the rapid pace they move in their career. Athought there are such stereotyping in the industry, studies show that female students are more committed to careers in hospitality and tourism and seem to better fit success in this sector than do their male classmates and colleagues (Kuslavan and Kuslavan, 2000; Burke et al., 2008). The female employees must be able of wearing two different hats one at work and one at home 2.3.4 Breaking of the Glass Ceiling in the Hospitality industry. The term was earlier used by Morrison et al. (1987) in their fascinating book Breaking the Glass Ceiling: Can Women Reach the Top of Americas Largest Corporations? That gave new insight to the issues women face in their journey through the executive echelons of the corporate organizations and Maume 2004, stated that glass ceiling is the failure of women and other minority groups in climbing up the corporate ladder, despite seeing the top jobs, but still not reaching them due to discriminatory barriers, is what many think of as glass ceiling. There have been many studies about the breaking of glass ceiling of women in each and every industry. Cotter et al. (2001) profound description of the term as a specific form of generic inequality existing at the apex of hierarchy contradicts others (Reskin and Padavic, 2001; Maume, 2004) claiming its existence in lower levels and working class jobs. Cotter et al. (2001) three criteria for the glass ceiling occurrence suggest that it occurs when despite similar credentials women (and minorities) face barriers in their career advancements, it also occurs when due to limited promotional prospects; women are discouraged from the initial placement on the job ladder, thus raising mens numbers to survive till the top levels and lastly, while organizations may be willing to pay out high salaries to women, they still hesitate to place them in positions where they can make an impact on organizations profitability, therefore, glass ceiling is created. The glass ceiling as in every industry affected also women in the hospitality industry. It has been highlighted by many authors that the industry is a female dominated industry however it is manage by men. Among the reasons for the glass ceiling phenomenon such as the lack of role models, mentoring, networking options, and the complexities of the dual role as working woman and housekeeper (Crampton and Mishra, 1999), literature has singled out societys stereotypes and prejudices against women in positions of power (Catalyst, 2002, 2005). According to Frank (2006 do find evidence that gay/bisexual men suffer from glass ceilings comparable to those faced by heterosexual women (p. 485). Existing management resistance must be offset by the multiplier effect of more female role models advancing beyond the glass ceiling. 2.3.5 The promotion issues in hotels. Like the retail services, tourism and hospitality are sectors which are highly dominated by women however managed by men (Bagguley, 1990; Hicks, 1990; Jordon, 1997; Wood, 1992) Sometimes men get more privileged than women these differentials were reinforced by differences in fringe benefits, with men in the commercial hospitality sector significantly more likely than women to be entitled to valuable perks such as company cars, free or subsidized meals, low-cost housing, private health insurance, company share ownership schemes and product discounts. . Many authors tend to attribute the finding that males are promoted more frequently and rapidly than equally qualified females to the influence of gender based stereotypes (Owen and Todor, 1993; Cordano et al., 2002; Tomkiewicz et al., 2004). The hospitality business, therefore, provides fewer opportunities for promotion that are sufficient to meet the expectations of females (McCuddy et. al., 2010). 2.3.5.1 Women in management level in Hotels Ludking (1999) notes the lack of women in general manger positions despite the high percentage of women in college and university hospitality programs. Although women are now graduating in higher numbers than men from educational institutions (Fagenson and Jackson, 1994) and more women are entering the paid workforce (Hind and Baruch, 1997) and taking up managerial roles (Parker and Fagenson, 1994), the poor representation of women at senior management level continues. Pursuing a managerial career in every industry requires skills and competencies imparted to men as a social group. Employees and managers holding this type of stereotypic view are likely to perceive women as ineffective managers in job positions incongruent with females more traditionally passive gender role. (Schein, 1973, 1975, 1978; Rosen and Jerdee, 1974; Powell and Butterfield, 1979; Brenner et al., 1989; Schein et al., 1989; Schein and Mueller, 1992; Schein et al., 1996; Heilman et al., 1995; Powell et al., 2002). It is not hard to find in the western context where patterns of gender inequality persist in leadership positions even with womens increasing visibility in the lower echelons of management (Weyer, 2007). Ezell et al. (1981) measuring the effects of having being supervised by a woman on perceptions of female managerial competence found significant differences only in the area of the motivation of a woman to manage. In the present study, direct contact could not help in suppressing gender stereotypes. By June 1996 only three of 72 Hong Kong Hotels had female general managers (Pine 1997). Womans desire for advancement into a senior-level leadership position becomes more difficult because of the prevalent traditional role assumptions (Schaap et. al., 2008). Moreover, research conducted in the U.S.A. indicates that, even in America, a disproportionate low number of highly educated females attain executive status in the industry (Li and Leung, 2001). The career ladder within hotels is predicated on the conventional employment models of continuous employment and linear progression (Boxall and Purcell, 2003). Some literatures state that the recruitment and selection processe may not be transparent. Both may be likened to an invisible web that works against women (Green and Cassell, 1996; Lan and Wang Leung, 2001; Rees and Garnsey, 2003). 2.4.1 Harassment at work An additional negative aspects to womens work in hotels is that they are subject to high level of sexual harassment from both guests and peers due to their low status and low-educational levels ( Poulston 2008). Research by Eller (1990) clearly indicates that more men and women experience sexual harassment in the hotel industry than do individuals in society-at-large. Today in many hotels there are a high level of female employee of gender discrimination and sexual harassment. 2.5 Inequality issues in hotels. Research shows the different ways in which tourism can contribute to economic growth, poverty reduction and community development. However, less attention has been paid to the unequal ways in which the benefits of tourism are distributed between men and women, particularly in the developing world. Gladys Acosta, UN Women Director for Latin America of the newly-establish UN agency UN Women, pointed out that womens contribution to the tourism sector is often invisible. According to Purcell and Quinn (1998) that it is a fact that in the early career stages, female hospitality graduates received lower pay, fewer fringe benefits and less intrinsic job satisfaction. However Woods and Kavanaugh (1994) according to who gender discrimination was an invisible barrier that kept women from reaching top positions in many management circles. There also continues to be wide discrepancies in remuneration between the genders (MunËœ oz-Bullo ´ n 2009; Tugores 2008. The hospitality sector has an important role: it should respect the equality of men and women; they should promote human rights and more particularly the individual rights of the most vulnerable groups, notably children, the elderly, the handicapped, ethnic minorities and indigenous people. ILO report (Development and challenges in the hospitality and tourism sector 2010). Kinnaird and Hall (1994) comment that women fulfill the majority of jobs in tourism, especially those which are poorly paid, low skilled and part-time also it is to be noted that in the tourism sector unskilled or semi-skilled women tend to work in the most vulnerable jobs, where they are more likely to experience poor working conditions, inequality of opportunity and treatment, violence, exploitation, stress and sexual harassment. (ILO ) Carli and Eagly (2001) observe that, although womens status has improved remarkably in the twentieth century in many societies, women continue to lack access to power and leadership compared with men (p. 629).

Shakespeare without all those Words :: essays research papers

After reading the chapter Shakespeare without all those Words, I have to agree with the arguments in it. Although I am no pro on Shakespeare or not even a repetitive reader of his works I tend to believe that what is said throughout the chapter to be true like many of the great masterpieces of our era. The meanings get lost over time and through manipulation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In today’s society everyone wants the gratification of something without putting the effort in to achieve it. The inexperienced reader Shakespeare may take many, many readings before it becomes clear. Were a â€Å"Now† society, we want the quickest, easiest way for everything and expect to get the same effect of the original Shakespearian readers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The section in the chapter where you speak of the plays becoming something unlike the written play or as far off the mark as possible, is true and bothersome. Writers and directors today want the notoriety that the name Shakespeare brings but then shames the playwright itself. They put their own spin on it, to make it more appealing to the audience or less time consuming. In doing so your missing a great deal of the play and usually it ends up being the core of the story. Audiences walk away without a true understanding of Shakespeare but a twisted and misconstrued idea.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The world in which we live is all about theatrics, exaggerations, fabrications, as well as, entertainment. As you pointed on in the chapter the works of Franco Zeffirelli’s film version of The Taming of the Shrew was only 30% of actual Shakespeare leaving 70% for his own interpretation plus plenty of room for entertainment. What’s the point then? Why even claim its Shakespeare? Answer, they know the name will allure the audience to the play. That being said the people are their under the false pretense that their there for Shakespeare. Not the Shakespeare that has been twisted, turned, tied into the interpretation that feels it’s necessary to draw on the name of someone else’s merits to allure an audience. Its okay for writers to use the name Shakespeare but when it comes to his works apparently many believe they’re not good enough to entertain.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  With all this being said I also agree that today’s’ society is not the same as it was when Shakespeare was more prevalent. Today’s population span is less; people have more distractions and less room in their life’s for intellect.

Nursing Care in Rural Communities Essay

Nursing Care in Rural CommunitiesLiving in a rural community can present challenges for residents in receiving adequate health care. Many believe that rural communities present less health risks than urban communities. In actuality, they each have their own unique health problems and risks. In rural areas, the elderly population is at risk for not obtaining sufficient healthcare for numerous reasons such as knowledge deficit, lack of transportation, and financial woes. The healthcare community also faces challenges in providing healthcare in rural areas. The community health nurse plays an extremely important role in rural America. They will help ensure that the community has access to appropriate medical care and assist with referrals for financial assistance. Rural Community Health versus Urban City Health There have many debates over the years about who has the better quality of life, including less health problems, those who live in rural communities or those that live in the urban city communities. Any person that is asked, will most likely have their own opinion. However, in actuality, both have their own unique set of health problems. Kids that grow up in rural areas, particularly farming areas, have a lower incidence of asthma and breathing difficulties than kids raised in urban areas. But, on the other hand, children in rural areas, on average, consume more fat and sugar than those in urban areas. Therefore, it is no surprise that the childhood obesity rate is the highest in rural areas CITATION Bec11 l 1033 (Beck, 2011). Urban communities a higher rate of sexually transmitted diseases and more violent crimes than that in rural communities. In urban areas, there tends to be a larger impoverished population due to immigrants migrating to urban areas. When a large portion of the population is at or below poverty level, it results in poorer living conditions and difficulty obtaining adequate food, water, sewage, and health care. Because of that, there is an increased rate of preventable diseases related to lifestyles CITATION Gal12  l 1033 (Galea, Ompad, & Vlahov, 2012). Both urban and rural communities have various drug and alcohol problems. The types of drugs and population using are unique to the area. Urban areas tend to have more sources available to help those seeking it. There are more treatment centers and also clean needle exchange programs. The Elderly Population in Rural America Many elderly that live in rural communities, have lived there the majority of their lives. Many will be living alone if their spouse has previously passed away. A specific need that many may have is lack of transportation. In most rural areas, there is not public transportation available. This results in many elderly missing medical appointments, check-ups, and possibly not even making an appointment when ill. Lack of receiving appropriate medication can also be a result of being without transportation. However, there are many other contributing factors for those not taking the appropriate medications. Many elderly living in rural areas, come from families that have farmed all their lives. Farming is an industry that has its ups and downs financially, and although provided for the family at the time, many did not have money available in retirement funds. This has resulted in a monetary deficit in the aging population. Another reason the elderly population in rural areas may not recei ve the appropriate prescriptions, is knowledge deficit. Many, especially in rural areas, have grown up treating themselves and their families with home remedies. This was a cost-saving solution, and also resolved the issue of limited available medical care. There are specific medical problems that are more prevalent in rural populations. These include heart disease, skin cancers, and Alzheimer’s or a form of dementia. Chronic diseases also more predominant in the aging population of rural America, these include arthritis and hypertension CITATION Rog02 l 1033 (Rogers, 2002). Challenges for Healthcare in Rural America. There are several challenges that are widespread when providing healthcare in Rural America. In general, there are less healthcare providers and hospitals available in rural areas. If there is a hospital close, it will most likely lack many pertinent departments such as a cardiac cath lab or a labor and delivery unit. Patients will be required to relocate to a larger town, further away. This may not be possible to many rural  Americans due to lack of financial ability, lack of transportation, or the lack of education. T hey may not have been educated on the importance of the procedure. There are also many insurance companies that do not contract with rural physicians. This would deter many people from obtaining adequate medical care due to the out of pocket cost CITATION Mos08 l 1033 (Moscovice & Rosenblatt, 2008). The Role of the Community Health Nurse in Rural Settings. The community health nurse will take on many roles in rural settings. Educating about the importance of immunizations is imperative. But, also, ensuring that all community members that desire the immunizations have the ability to come to the clinic to receive them. If not, the nurse may need to develop another plan in order to meet the community’s needs. The community health nurse needs to assist the elderly with obtaining transportation for medical visits. If they are only able to establish transportation certain days of the week, if possible make appointments for that day for them. Education is a large part of any nurse’s job description. However, as a rural community health nurse, it is essential that the community is educated on disease processes and the importa nce of taking prescriptions as prescribed by the physician. Many in rural communities, will generally have their own home remedies that they have used and may not understand why a specific medication is necessary. Because of financial concerns of many in rural areas, the community health nurse will need to educate patients on medical financial assistance programs and which local providers and hospitals are contracted with their insurance companies. Urban areas and rural communities in America, each come with their own unique health problems that are specific to that area. As a rural community health nurse, it is imperative to understand what specific deficits the general rural population has related to healthcare. The community health nurse has the ability to ensure that the entire rural community has access to healthcare, adequate education related to their medical problems, and can help refer patients to assistance for transportation and financial assistance. References BIBLIOGRAPHY Beck, M. (2011). City vs. Country: Who is Healthier. Wall Street Journal. Galea, S., Ompad, D., & Vlahov, D. (2012, September). Urban Health Issues. Retrieved from Rutgers University: http://www.healthynj.org/ Moscovice, I., & Rosenblatt, R. (2008). Quality-of-Care Challenges for Rural Health. The Journal of Rural Health, 168-176. Rogers, C. (2002). The Older Population in 21st Century Rural America. Rural America, 2-10.