Analyse the opening scenes of the film “Meet Joe Black” and discuss how death has been presented in the film

Imagine if the harsh harvester appeared personally to help dying people settle the little details of life that need to be handled before dying. In Meet Joe Black, a single man, who can take any bodily form, represents death. Rather than take life away for sport, he delights in the experiences that can be shared by those short on time but long on experience. Played by Brad Pitt, Joe Black. He enters into the lives of one family in a way that will change them forever. Anthony Hopkins plays a wealthy dying man of whom Joe Black wishes to understand and learn from. Black takes the body of a man who moments earlier had met, the daughter of blacks next victim. Black grows closer to her and subsequently learns about the little things in life that being an archetypical grim reaper would not normally be associated with Black. A compassionate grim reaper is the essence of the film †Meet Joe Black†, the personification of death wishing to learn from life! Analysis: Death has been presented in the form of a person. When we see Joe at the cafà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ and then afterwards as death, they are two different souls. When we see Joe at the cafà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½, he is talking, and doing the right things. He is talking about life and he knows what to do, as well as knowing what to say. Where as Joe, (Spirit), walks incredibly strangely and at first he really doesn't know what to do and say, after a while he gets used to things. He eats peanut butter as if he hasn't eaten it before (which he hasn't.) American's love peanut butter, and it is quite strange to other people that he hasn't tried it before. The title of the film Meet Joe Black introduces us to someone. It seems welcoming. Joe is such a standard name, Allison said, ‘Joe was a nice name, and that it is strong and sturdy.' ‘Black' as in ‘Joe Black' seems very deep. The colour it self is likes something hidden. It symbolises something unpleasant. When I think of ‘death,' black normally comes to mind. Even to funerals black clothes are donned. It isn't a happy colour, so to funerals, people wear black to symbolise grief and sorrow. It's a painful colour, and to me, I think that is what black symbolises. It has hidden depths, and is very deep. There is a mixture of genres in this film. The different types of genres are romance and suspense. The romance scene's are between Joe and Susan. They fall in love. When Joe and Susan are talking, or whenever they are together, we can see that the camera angles are mid-shot so we can see there shoulders and above. Suspense is created when Joe dies in the car accident. Joe acts strangely and differently. It may seem strange to Susan who doesn't know that Black Is death. The genre of this film in my opinion is very mixed. It has romance, and it also has suspense. Once you figure out the film, and begin to realise what its all about you will definitely enjoy watching it. At the beginning of the film, when Bill Is having a heart attack, the scene seems scary, and for a moment, I thought Meet Joe Black was a horror film. Susan senses that there is something different with the Joe's that she meets. She obviously ignores it, and thinks that it's nothing. The reason why I think this is because at the very end of the film, when Joe comes back to life she senses that there is something different because she looks at him in a strange way, she seemed quite confused. It is almost as if she was staring at him. When Black (death) comes for supper at Bills house and meets Bill for the first time, Black then meets Susan. But it's the second time that Susan meets Black. Susan doesn't know that the two Joe's that she has met, are both totally different people. Black talks differently. This has a slight impact on Susan. I know this because when Susan confronted Black after the meal she said something along the lines of, â€Å"Why are you acting differently now?† At this moment .I got the idea that Susan may suspect something of Black, and knows that there is something different in him from the first time she had met him. People go to the cinema to relax, to get away from the house, to have some fun, and to be entertained. The sound, the big screen and the environment is much more pleasant than watching it at home. An excellent way of advertisement is a trailer of the film on the telly. The media also helps by publicising about the film on the television. Like premieres and reviews of the film. Death is symbolised as a person in this film. It begins from the point when Joe gets knocked over by two cars. The film continues and shows how Joe adapts to life, especially the different expressions in words, which he uses after a while. It's like being born again, because at first he doesn't know many words. But in Blacks case he wasn't really born, well not on this planet. In the beginning Black also walks strangely, soon he gets into the swing of things. His vocabulary also changes, when at the beginning he always used to say, †yes† frequently, but soon uses full sentences. Black also gets used to the surroundings for the short while he is with Bill, and day-by-day he learns and experiences new issues. During the course of the film Black falls in love with Susan, and so does Susan, who also feels the same way for Black. Susan and Joe kiss and also have sex in this film. It is very intimate and after sleeping together I feel that that they are inseparable, they are like one person, they really love each other a lot. At the end of the film, Black and Susan have a very heartbreaking and heartfelt goodbye. Events start occurring after Joe dies in the beginning of the movie. So Black then comes along in the film in the form of Joe. Death tells Bill that he is going to die. Bill makes a compromise with death. The compromise is that, death allows Bill to remain alive for a few days in order that Bill gives Black a taster of life on earth for a few days. Now Bill is on borrowed time to put his business in order. The characters in the film have all got something In common. In a way, all the characters have no sense of direction. The reason for this is because, at times, the characters do not know where they are going or even what they are going to do. Black is new to the craze of life on earth, and he doesn't know where things are going and leading too. This is the point for almost all of the characters in the film. They don't know what's going to happen next, and what lies ahead. It is a little like real life, you never know what is going to happen. The music used in the film is similar all the way through. Instruments used are, violins and mainly piano. There is a scary feel to the music. When Bill is having a heart attack at the beginning of the film that's when the scary feel to the music is at an extreme, and sudden point with the music being very tense. At times there was silences, during the film. The cover of Meet Joe Black has many things to consider. The lighting is on Joe. The colours used on the cover are blue and blacks. The lighting hits on the three key characters on the cover. The beaming light decreases slightly as you move on further from Joe (Black) who is played by Brad Pitt. Next are Bill and Susan. That's the lighting and it decreases in time as you go over in the row, the lighting shows that Joe/Black is the main character. The positions of the characters, on the front cover are that Joe (Black) is in the front which makes us believe he is the main character and has the lead role, which should really mean that the play i.e. film is based around him. William parish is behind Joe, in formatting (Position) of the characters on the front cover. Bill is looking at Joe, while Joe is looking straight ahead into the distance. As Bill is behind Joe it shows that Bill is lower than Joe in status, behind Bill is Susan. Susan is Bill's daughter. Susan is also looking at Joe, which leads us to think that everything revolves around Joe, which it does. The arrangements of the characters are in a zigzag form. The blurb on the cover is definitely useful. The title tries to welcome viewers to read it as well as watch the film. It is similar to a piece of persuasive writing. The title gives the viewer a clue about what the film may be about. But obviously every viewer will think differently, so perhaps this will carry temptation for what the film may be about and perhaps that's how you get high ratings in cinemas as well as the actors and actresses. Various things appeal to different people. The pictures also give of a certain vibe. In a way that the viewer will think ‘what's going on here, in this part'? The words have also been used in a spectacular way, the blurb and also newspapers comments on the film saying something along the lies of ‘This is a great film, it is a must see movie'. It tries to persuade people to watch it. If I was in a video store looking for a video to pick out and watch, and if I had read the blurb on the cover, and had also looked at the pictures, I'd definitely want to watch this film. I believe that there is life and death, and the last sentence on the blurb, â€Å"Bitter sweet tale of life and death.† Is very touching to me. It's also very catchy and means a lot in many different ways. I think that this film appeals to young people. The film is very romantic, I find the scene when Joe and Susan were departing from the coffee shop very overwhelming. It was a time of sorrow and shock, and not knowing whether they would get back together. First the two hearts meet and then depart, it was very sad. The reason why I thought it was shocking is because when Joe gets knocked over by the cars. I know that the both hearts are clenching to speak to each other and there was a sign of love as both Joe and Susan were continuously looking back at each other. Joe and Susan turned around a lot, as they departed, it showed they both liked each other very much. When Bill went into the library in his house and was going to meet Joe for the first time, I didn't understand because at first Bill was hearing voices and didn't know who it was until Joe came out of the curtains and saw Bill also for the first time, and for an instance I was really confused because Joe had said, ‘Bill would have to give Joe a taster of life' And then Bill would be able to leave his company in a reasonable position. In addition to Bill's business, drew is trying his best to take over the company. The company, that of which, Bill has tried to built from scratch. Death helps Bill near the end by regaining the company instead of losing it. During the course of the film Bill is going to celebrate his 65th birthday. His daughter Allison is preparing for it by organising a birthday bash. And on Bills birthday that is the day he is going to die. Marriage and relationships in the film have been symbolised very strangely. It's not like the normal relationships you may know. Susan and Drew are purposively supposed to be engaged and yet they don't show any affection, or some kind of love towards each other, like most couples. You can't tell that they are engaged. In fact I didn't even knew that they were engaged, until my teacher actually told me, it took me by surprise. I really couldn't believe it. The fact that these two people who are supposed to spend the rest of their lives together, aren't even in love. It is supposed to be special. You really should get married once in you're in life. It's supposed to be special. (Like a once in a lifetime opportunity). Which it isn't for them! It seems as though there is no love. For example, †Drew comes in from the helicopter and gives Susan a peck on the cheek.† Neither did he ask if she was ok, but just carried on with things. I have compiled some information from the Brittanica cd 2000, The motion picture has been defined as a series of images of space that are arranged in time of film language is quite different from that of reality and that conveyed by other arts, such as drama and literature. Showing the spectacular 24 frames, or still photographs, with dark intervals between them, energy second produces movement on the screen. Having created large new markets for its industry they decided to do the same abroad. Their objective coincided with the desire of the major American studios to extend their control of the international nation picture industry. Conclusion: Death symbolises something very deep. Its deep emotions, as it unfolds on us in a very different way. Death comes into the characters lives, and changes everything for them (life). This play really relates to the criteria of the 21st Century. Death plays a very important part as well as death having two different parts. Death touches many lives, as he falls in love with Susan, and has a slight bond with Bill. Meet Joe Black explores the honourable and material values surrounding and start from the powerful William Parrish (Anthony Hopkins) Parrish succeeds in seducing more than the viewer. He attracts the personification of his own fate, which quite literally knocks on his door. Arriving in the Parrish home after securing a body to materialize its presence, this â€Å"otherworldly† force, Death (personified as the handsome Joe Black, played by Brad Pitt), confronts his â€Å"host† with demands of learning from him those universal qualities the great man projects. Ultimately, Joe meets Susan, an encounter which tempts him to deviate from his mission, and which, ironically, proves to be a much higher lesson than he had bargained for. Meet Joe Black, is a film that dwells in its own energy, the rare luxury of its sets, and the irresistible charm of its people, all which portray a degree of elegance that pulls the viewer into a simply fantastic world.

Boyz in D Hood

A Stereotypical Black Woman: Single Mother’s Roles in Boyz in D Hood The movie chronicles the story of a Black American boy named Tre and his friends in an all Black community. He and his friends grew up aspiring to become someone in the society. Both are raised by single parents: Tre by his father and Ricky by his mother. While Tre’s father is portrayed in a positive way, the mothers (both Tre’s and Ricky’s) were portrayed in the most traditional ways as pointed out by Professor Michele Wallace.Women are portrayed in their traditional roles which are very limiting especially in an era where women empowerment has already been advocated. These traditional roles include being a housewife, taking care of children, cooking, cleaning the house, serving food for guests. In other words, women are still constrained in their domestic roles. For instance, Ricky’s mother is seen only inside the house. She occasionally goes outside but only on the front door to remind her children before they leave for school.In particular, she is seen in the party cooking, taking care of guests, and serving food. She is restricted to this kind of role and nothing else. At the same time, Tre’s mother is also portrayed as a stereotypical woman. Although she is not portrayed in her domestic roles, she is portrayed as someone who is a subordinate to her husband, Tre’s father Furious. This is because she had to surrender his son to him when she felt that she is not capable of raising him the right way.When she wanted to bring Tre back and Furious refused, she succumbed to that. She has to accept that it is Furious, the husband, who has the last say when it comes to their son. This means that the only role that a woman is allowed in this film is her domestic role. In any case that she defy this role, then she will be alienated with all her happiness such as the presence and love of a son in case of Tre’s mother.

The company structure of Ford and Toyota Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

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Business ethics Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

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Leveraging Diversity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

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AD campaign Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

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Effects of Sleep Deprivation among Emergency Medical Services Workers Essay

Effects of Sleep Deprivation among Emergency Medical Services Workers - Essay Example Emergency medical service is one such field which requires utmost attention, even in the middle of the night. At times the workers are required to remain attentive continuously for more than 24 hrs, because it's a question of urgent medical requirements for someone. Studies have highlighted that if the workers are subjected to sleep deprivation regularly on many occasions; their body starts responding adversely, which in turn impacts their efficiency and accuracy at the workplace. If the worker is subjected to continuous sleep deprivation, the resultant fatigue could lead to effects like poor decisions, fatal accidents. It has been pointed out that continuous exposure to sleep disorders results in impairment of carbohydrate metabolism, weight gains and type-2 diabetes1. This in turn results in development of sleep apnea, which in turn reduces the quality of sleep, thus further resulting in deterioration of the carbohydrate metabolism and it gives rise to a brutal cycle of disorder. T herefore, experts are of the opinion that proper attention be paid towards this issue. This study is an effort to find out some such reasons and the resultant disorders. Today we live in a fast paced society, where competition is a rule rather than an exception, where all aspects of life are being viewed from the angle of sales and marketing. Be it a manufacturing unit or the healthcare sector, the competition is all pervasive. Healthcare services are a very crucial and integral part of the society. Health care becomes an issue, because while taking care of the competition we tend to ignore what we are supposed to do to lead a healthy life. Emergency medical services (EMS) are supposed to play a vital role in taking care of the emergency and trauma care system. The workers in these services provide emergency medical response to the sick and injured citizens. Though, the workers are placed in shift duties, but quite often it so happens that due to more number of emergency cases, they cannot leave the workplace even during extended working hours. Different levels of medical responses are included in the EMS. In general, the EMS includes, call handlers , emergency medical dispatchers, workers in the emergency telephone call centers, first responders like fire or police units, basic life support (BLS) ambulances, advanced life support (ALS) ambulances (USHS, 2007). The workers in these units are trained according to the requirements. Based on the reasons, the sleep deprivation is broadly divided into four categories; i. Based on lifestyle ii. Due to certain health complications iii. The medication side effects iv. Clinical disorders For an EMS worker the lifestyle becomes so irregular that it leads to other types of complications as well. Literature Review According to a study conducted by World Health Organization (WHO)2, the number of people with diabetes is sharply on the rise in recent years. This study found out that in the year 2000 the number of people affected with the disease was about 171 million worldwide. But more alarming is the projection for the year 2030, if we continue to adopt the existing lifestyle. It has been projected that by 2030 this figure might reach a whopping 366 million. Demanding working conditions often take its toll on the individuals' health as well as the actual output of the work. Emergency

Business Models and Planning Chapter Questions Assignment - 5

Business Models and Planning Chapter Questions - Assignment Example The leading indicators consist of measures of economic activities where shifts attempt predicting onset of a cycle. This group employs approximately 10 distinguishing indicators. They include orders made by consumers to the manufacturers, index performance of vendors, manufacturer’s orders for nondefense goods, building permits issued in a period, average working weeks, interest rates in treasury bonds, and average initial claims among others. b. Coincidental indicators- these constitute a collection of processes of business events that fluctuate in the business process. Hey /play an important role in shaping the business cycle as compared to the rest. Their movement is directly proportional to movement of the economy. Four categories are included in coincidental indicators. They include: the number of people employed in nonagricultural businesses, industrial production, individual incomes, and manufacturing and trade sales. c. Lagging indicators- Just as the name suggests, lagging indicators show the phases in the cycle after business events. Normally, they are visible after six to twelve months of a business event. Close to seven measures are used as lagging indicators in business. They include: consumer’s price indices, outstanding commercial or industrial debts, unit cost in manufacturing, ‘fractions of consumers’ credits, and mean durations of unemployment and ratio of inventories to sales. A business model in this context will describe the justification of how a business forms, delivers, and takes note of values in an economic setup. The models in this scenario are a way of the business attaining the aims and objectives. The business models become representations when they are used for a number of events in formal or non-formal setups. The models are used for representations of business strategies, infrastructure, trade events, and given operational processes To develop a full business model that develops to a

Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Research Paper Example II. Oedipus follows Aristotle’s description of a tragedy. A. The plot is not an ordinary tragedy. B. The plot is whole, complete and has unity of action. C. The plot considers serious dramatic action around a person of high social status. D. The plot is more important than the characters. E. The hamartia represents the mistake of a hero. F. Oedipus has a complex plot because of â€Å"reversal of intention† (peripeteia) and â€Å"recognition† (anagnorisis), which is related to the hero’s catastrophe. III. Oedipus has some tragic flaws. A. He manifests hubris. 1. He disrespects Teiresias. 2. He misjudges Creon. B. He conducted impure deeds. 1. He killed his father. 2. He slept with his mother. 3. He brought a curse to his homeland. IV. The play has diction that illustrates that Oedipus suffered a fate he could not change; thus, his tragedy is his helplessness and hopelessness. A. Oedipus moira is sealed. B. He started with outstanding reputation and good for tune. C. Sophocles described the â€Å"catharsis of pity and fear.† D. Hamartia is action, not character. V. Conclusion A. Oedipus is a tragedy in Aristotle’s terms because of its dramatic complex plot. B. It shows the tragedy of an upright man who cannot change his ill fortune. C. The action in the plot is the tragedy, not the character. D. Oedipus does not deserve a tragic life, which makes his downfall a great Aristotelian tragedy. Oedipus is paradoxically a hero and a villain. He initially saves a whole city from the Sphinx, but because of his real identity, he brings a deadly curse to it later on, and most especially, to his family and himself. This essay analyzes Sophocles’ Oedipus, determining if it fits Aristotle’s definition of a tragic hero. In Poetics, Sophocles’ Oedipus exemplifies Aristotle’s definition of a tragic hero because it follows the latter’s elements of a tragic plot, explores the character’s flaws, and n arrates with a compelling diction that includes irony and images of human flaws, where despite this weaknesses, the greatest tragedy is that Oedipus does not deserve his fate since the gods controlled his destiny from the beginning, and therefore, he is inherently innocent, and yet he falls to complete disgrace. Oedipus follows Aristotle’s description of a tragedy, where Aristotle defined a tragedy as not a mere imitation of a good man suffering a misfortune. A tragedy is not historical but is an account of what might be true. Scheepers (2005) described what Aristotle meant by a tragic plot: â€Å"Aristotle refutes the ‘simplistically’ structured tragic plot, which involves a good man coming to misfortune, as completely immoral, and rejects the simple moral plot, in which a bad man succumbs to hardship, as utterly untragic† (p.137). Instead, Aristotle uses the notion of hamartia, which can be defined as an account or

In terms of Tylenol Product Contamination case Study Essay Example for Free

In terms of Tylenol Product Contamination case Study Essay Answer:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Based in Tylenol Contamination Case, There have been long-term effects in the minds of people, specially, those families who have been victims of Tylenol terrorists. â€Å"People had to think twice about the purchase of consumer’s products after the poisoning that year, for those families who lost their loved ones, it may be their worst nightmare to forget. Furthermore, even though the new bill strengthened sentencing of product terrorist and the FDA required increased safety measures; there was still no guarantee that any product was 100 % safe. People learned that they could no longer protect themselves completely from even the most harmless products. And the effects of this crisis for Johnson Johnson, â€Å"they needed to find the best way to deal with the crises, without destroying their reputation of company and most profitable product, Tylenol†. (The Tylenol Crisis Story). Johnson Johnson also learned that it need to be more proactive and vigilant about product safety not only to restore the name of their company and uplift their reputation but also to gain back people’s trust and confidence of their product. â€Å"After Tylenol related deaths, the FDA counted 270 incidents of suspected product tampering. Many marketing experts thought that Tylenol was doomed by doubts that the public may have had to whether or not the product was safe â€Å"(The Tylenol Crisis Story). This disaster in Johnson Johnson History brought the consumers in hysteria and doubts for every product sold in the market. It must have been difficult for the Public, and people who have been affected of this nation scare, to forget and accept those sudden deaths that caused their loved ones to leave them suddenly. Part II Question:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Based on the short and long-term effects of the crisis, what could the company have done differently to either avoid or better manage the crisis? Answer:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Based on the short and long-term effect of the crisis, the company must communicate to all types of media, a good technique to warning the public. Like what JJ did of advertising the pulling of their products out from the market or exchanging distributed bottles laced or without laced with cyanide, gave them a positive feedback. Each member should work as a team to immediately diffuse the crisis. Supporting each other will be a great tool to face challenge and to better manage the crisis. Leaders of the association must posses a quality of a true leader like, James E. Burke to effectively enforce authority to work together with in line mission. Question: How can the company prevent this type of crisis from happening in the future?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The company must be more vigilant and proactive in packaging their product. Though the Tylenol tampering case had not taken place at either of its plants, even though cyanide was available in the premises, the team in charge in supervising the area must be strict to implement the policies needed to ensure quality product. Part III Application of Peter Grazier Principles:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Purpose, Challenge, Camaraderie, Responsibility, Growth, Leadership are the six principles in Peter Grazier’s Article. In building an association, company or business, one has a purpose, Grazier stated in His article; â€Å"Motivation was lacking when the team’s purpose was not in line with some of the members’ wants and needs†. As a team, it must be very important that their purpose or mission must aligned with the other members wants and needs to be more productive and effective in accomplishing their mission.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The team must feel the Challenge of their task, together with a strong sense of Camaraderie. Supporting each other and working together as a team, would be a great help to perceive challenge as easy and require little energy to accomplish on something easily obtained. Another Principle in Grazier’s article is Responsibility and Growth. In order to be effective and highly motivated team, members of the organization must feel responsible for the outcome, it can be tricky, but a team with sense of responsibility grows and learns. â€Å"These people that moving forward, learning new concepts, adding to their skill base, and stretching their minds are improving their Growth according to Grazier article.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The most important principle of Grazier is Leadership. Johnson Johnson have good leaders, because the fact that their decision of pulling their product off the market would cost millions of dollars to lose, but JJ understands the public hysteria and safety needs, so they recall all of the bottles from the lots that were laced with cyanide. Two important Principles in Grazier’s Article The two important principles from Grazier’s Article are Purpose and Leadership. During the disaster in Johnson Johnson History, Chairman of the board, James E. Burke and other members, work together as a team not only to restore the name of their product, Tylenol and to uplift the reputation of their company but also to gain back public’s trust and confidence of their product. â€Å"Domestic affiliates were asked to make presentations to people in the medical community. These presentations were made by the millions to promote support for the reintroduction Tylenol†.(Tylenol Crisis) These principles reflect good concept for effective management because Johnson Johnson successfully restore the Tylenol to its preeminent position, though it take time and money but according to James E. Burke, â€Å"they consider it as moral imperative, as well as good business.† â€Å"Johnson Johnson team is candid, contrite, and compassionate, committed to solving the murders and protecting the public(Tylenol Crisis). The company has both strong sense of responsibility and authority, their public relation program did much to recover quickly from possibly greatest crisis to come. Techniques used by Johnson Johnson The company, consider most the public safety, and restoring people from hysteria. Though may be tricky, but the company’s decision of recalling their product from the market and sending warning to health professionals, was made no hesitation. Another technique that helped JJ to recover quickly was company’s fully cooperation to all types of media, which was crucially important to warning the people from ensuing danger. Those Techniques used by JJ, are consistent with the principles of Peter Grazier in His article â€Å"Team Motivation†. The company has good leaders and followers; its members are aligned with its purpose and work together as a highly motivated team that could stand over a long period of time. JJ painlessly recover and restore their reputation from the Tylenol crisis with the help of millions of domestic affiliates.   REFERENCES Atkinson, Rick. The Tylenol Nightmare: How a Corporate Giant Fought Back. The Kansas City Times. November 12, 1982. Beck, Melinda, Mary Hagar, Ron LaBreque, Sylvester Monroe, Linda Prout. The Tylenol Scare. Newsweek. October 11, 1982. Broom, Glen M., Allen H. Center, Scott M. Cutlip. Effective Public Relations, Seventh Edition. Prentice-Hall Inc. 1994. Church, George J. Copycats are on the Prowl. Time. November 8, 1982. Foster, Lawrence G. The Johnson Johnson Credo and the Tylenol Crisis. New Jersey Bell Journal. Volume 6, Number 1. 1983. Giges, Nancy. New Tylenol Package in National Press Debut. Advertising Age Magazine. November 15, 1982. Goodman, Howard. PR Effort Launches New Tylenol Package. The Kansas City Times. November 12, 1982. Johnson Johnson. The Comeback. A Special Report From the Editors of Worldwide Publication of Johnson Johnson Corporate Public Relations. 1982. Knight, Jerry. Tylenols Maker Shows How to Respond to Crisis. The Washington Post. October 11, 1982. Lewin, Tamar. Tylenol Posts an Apparent Recovery. New York Times. December, 24, 1982. Tifft, Susan. Poison Madness in the Midwest. Time. October 11, 1982. Tylenol Murders.

Teaching and Learning Policy Essay Example for Free

Teaching and Learning Policy Essay Learning is a dynamic process which begins at the time of conception and continues for the rest of our lives. At stages along this learning journey we partake in formalised learning in which we may interact with other human beings who may take on the role of teacher. This invariably happens within the confines of a school. The school being the environment designed to help pass on the knowledge, skills and qualities required as preparation for adult life. Our school is a section of a partnership involving pupils, families, the local and extended communities and school staff that give all the opportunity to develop each child’s formal learning and to promote everyone’s spiritual, moral, social and cultural development . In this way our school is pivotal in the formation and preparation of opportunities, responsibilities and experiences for life. This policy is for all teaching staff, Governors, parents, members of the community and appropriate outside agencies, including OFSTED, to appreciate our drive for high expectations and our strategies for ensuring that teaching and learning are effective. It sits alongside all other curriculum and management policies including the policy for ‘Performance Management’. It should also be read in conjunction with OFSTED documents and other relevant information including â€Å"The Code of Conduct for Teachers† that will drive our standards forward. Making a Difference Much work has been done on how pupils learn and multiple intelligence theories. This policy considers how as practitioners we can motivate all to ensure effective learning. Research suggests that there are many ways to ensure that effective learning takes place within the different learning environments that a child may encounter within a school. All staff have the ability to make a difference and all must consider the following: †¢ There is no one right way to teach, but teachers and TAs enhance their  effectiveness when teaching is purposeful, efficient, clear, structured and adaptive. Good teaching takes into account all aspects of assessment, prior learning and the individual needs of each child. †¢ High expectations are paramount †¢ Good teaching involves more than exposition and arranging activities; the nature of the interaction is carefully designed, with differentiation matched closely to pupils’ actual abilities and needs. †¢ Good teaching is where the pupils are given opportunity to extend their ability to take charge of their own learning. It is where teachers establish active links to enhance pupils’ learning styles. †¢ The effective learning environment is orderly, stimulating, attractive, safe and supportive. †¢ The effective teaching atmosphere encourages learners to value and draw on their own experience †¢ Good lessons are carefully planned and involve pupil participation as often as possible. They have pace, good questioning strategies and opportunity for reflection. †¢ Learning to learn entails increasing scope for pupils to use their initiative and to develop a capacity for independent work according to age range. †¢ Effective teaching occurs when pupils are given opportunity to apply the knowledge and skills they are taught. †¢ Effective learning design allows pupils to summarise what they have experienced and reflect carefully †¢ And effective teaching is complemented by fair discipline, positive reinforcement, and explicit formative feedback. Every member of staff must consider their professional characteristics and reflect and analyse how each pupils’ learning can be enhanced in preparation for the future. It is the role of all staff to dissect their teaching to ensure outstanding teaching and learning opportunities for each child. Monitoring Of Teaching and Learning Monitoring is a regular feature of our school and has become embedded into the culture and working life of our school life .It enables all to have an accurate picture of performance and developments in learning. It is a positive attribute in moving the school forward. Monitoring will occur in a variety of forms :- †¢ Regular monitoring of lessons as part of Performance Management. †¢ Monitoring of lessons as part of specific school initiatives and developments. This will include in-depth monitoring of the core subjects. †¢ Half termly classroom monitoring on working environments and pupils’ learning. †¢ Half termly monitoring of planning and assessment files. †¢ Half termly monitoring of pupils’ books by SMT and appropriate co- ordinators. †¢ Weekly monitoring of books as part of phase meetings. †¢ Weekly light touch monitoring on specific subjects to increase our overall effectiveness and efficiency. Monitoring will positively support teaching staff through :- †¢ Improving individual and team performance †¢ Expanding skills, knowledge and insight for all †¢ Providing a supportive working environment for all †¢ Improving communication that results in improved learning opportunities for pupils. †¢ Identifying individual, team and school needs. †¢ Developing individuals monitoring skills as part of the school’s effectiveness and efficiency. Monitoring is about accountability and will give all the opportunity to discuss positively and staff will be given feedback on lesson observation and scrutiny of their planning and pupils’ work. Written feedback will include a summary of agreed actions to be put in place for the following round of monitoring. Monitoring of lessons, planning, pupil’s work and associated self reviews will provide the basis for the School Development Plan and the vehicle from which Governors and all other interested agencies can gain on the effectiveness of our school. Induction of New Staff To ensure that all new staff have a successful induction and immediately enhance the learning of pupils, the school will allocate a member of staff to work alongside the new member. School procedures and expectations will be discussed and the opportunity to set out the professional needs of the  member of staff will be formalised. Appropriate professional development will be instigated and expectations set. Continued Professional Development Effective CPD is a planned progress. It will be the systematic and progressive improvement of competencies across the school. It is about the meeting of individual and the school objectives and therefore is intrinsically linked with the Performance Management policy, the School’s Development Plan, pupil performance and the needs of the individual. CPD will be designed to meet the individual’s immediate and future needs, it will give a structure to each person’s career development whilst having an impact on pupils’ learning However, each person must take responsibility for reviewing and fulfilling their own needs and school will hold each accountable for developing their own potential. The individual therefore must continually assess their needs and discuss issues with appropriate senior managers. The SDP for each school academic year is available for all working or involved within school. It gives the direction for the school and will indicate how CPD will be organised. Each individual’s performance management objectives will reflect the needs of school and the individual. Planning, Preparation and Assessment Planning, preparation and assessment time is organised so that teachers can work with appropriate colleagues. It gives opportunity for the termly and weekly plans to be scrutinised, assessment of learning analysed and the learning needs of the pupils met. Each phase leader will organise the sessions so that each teacher can maximise the time available. During the sessions the following will occur:- †¢ A selection of books will be scrutinised to ensure marking, presentation and that progress is consistent and of high quality. †¢ Work is analysed and assessment drives the next planning. †¢ The needs  of groups including DSEN and Gifted and Talented pupils are discussed and appropriate planning is put in place. Differentiation is put in place. †¢ Target setting is put in place, monitored and updated. †¢ IEPs are updated as appropriate and new IEPs written at the relevant times. †¢ The needs of staff are discussed and information, as required, passed on to the SMT. †¢ Teaching and classroom practise are discussed †¢ Relevant plans and information is prepared for TAs †¢ The sessions will also discuss resources and ICT All teaching members of staff are given specific details on the formats for planning and the layout of files. These will be scrutinised at phase meetings and by the SMT and co-ordinators throughout the school year to ensure corporative effectiveness. The different forms of assessment are dealt with in the Assessment Policy. All teaching staff must use the information and apply the knowledge to their teaching. Assessment must be consistently used to drive teaching and learning forward. Within this, target setting must be active with all pupils understanding their targets and how they can achieve them. Parents must also be updated of their child’s targets using the school’s pro- formas. Targets must be displayed in classrooms and within the pupils’ books for core subjects. Marking and Feedback to Pupils. The Marking Policy deals with marking issues in detail. Teaching staff must be up to date in marking and marking must give clear indications of how the pupil can move forward appropriate to age . Comments must be positive and opportunity must be given for pupils to act on comments and work on issues that have arisen. Marking will be scrutinised at phase meetings, whole staff meetings, through coordinators monitoring and by the SMT. Pupils will be asked through interviews and in monitoring whether marking and feedback has improved learning. Resources Regular audits of resources are to be carried out by coordinators and phase leaders prior to each block of work is undertaken. Within this remit is the organising of school visits and appropriate visitors to enhance the curriculum and learning opportunities. Pupil Premium, the grant to provide increased opportunities for pupils and to improve learning and reduce gaps between groups of pupils, will be used in part to fund these enhancements. The Pupils’ Voice As stated, good learning is facilitated when pupils have the opportunity to take charge of their own learning. Pupils have a voice and at all keystages staff must give credence to pupils and include them in the planning and delivery of lessons. By monitoring of planning and through discussions with pupils, the SMT will look for this. Prior to specific blocks of work, appropriate to age, pupils will be given time to consider the work ahead and give input. To ensure that every child has the opportunity to gain the range of learning skills to prepare them for life, teaching staff’s planning must show that within lessons pupils have ownership of their learning through teamwork, problem solving, research etc. The Role of Governors The Governing Body of is given at each full governing body meeting and at appropriate sub committee meetings details of monitoring and the review of performance and attainment across the school. As part of its role, the Governing Body will scrutinise our results from monitoring, assessment and internal reviews and ensure that our approaches are consistent and promotes our drive for excellence. Each Governor is linked with a specific area of school and will be in termly contact with co-ordinators to ensure they are fully briefed on teaching and learning. Co-ordinators of core subjects will report to governors termly to again ensure accurate information is passed on. From this the Governing Body will be active in teaching and learning across school. Informing Parents To ensure effective learning for our pupils, parents have to be an informed and active partner. Courses are run throughout the year to update parents on our teaching techniques and strategies so that they can support learning at home and help with homework. Termly Parent feedback sessions are held to update parents on their child’s attainment and progress. At these sessions parents will be given written information on their child’s targets and next steps. They will be given their child’s levels for the core subjects and how this compares to national statistics. For DSEN up to date information will be given and discussed. IEPs will be available for parents to sign and remark on. Yearly school reports will be issued in the summer term and will accurately reflect on the child’s attainment and attitudes. It will also give targets for the next academic year and how parents can support their child. Informal discussions will also take place throughout the year as required to keep parents informed. The Parent Support Adviser is available to help liaise with parents. The PSA will also arrange parent courses to upgrade the parents’ own skills in core subjects, these will have a direct positive effect on pupils’ learning as seen from past experience. Outside Agencies Walsall Children’s Services support school through a variety of important vehicles. The School Improvement Officer will routinely meet with staff and discuss improvement, initiatives, data and monitoring of teaching. Officers will also oversee teaching and learning and support school with CPD issues. Other outside agencies such as Walsall Business Partnership will be used to support the curriculum and maximise learning opportunities for pupils. The school works with local schools and local communities also to improve learning opportunities and inspire pupils.

Great Northern Hotel Refurbishment Project Construction Essay

Great Northern Hotel Refurbishment Project Construction Essay A risk management report was undertaken to determine potential risks that may occur alongside the refurbishment of Great Northern Hotel. The chief executive of RAM-led consortium, which has been selected by Kings Cross Central to refurbish the Great Northern Hotel, appointed our team to identify, analyze and develop proper recommendations for managing potential risks. Our team used a cause-effect analysis based on a set of conclusions identified after several meetings with experts and brainstorming sessions to highlight areas of possible concern for the project. Another method used was to analyze historical records and reports from previous construction projects. The results of the report outline the fact that, without an accurate risk management applied before setting the baseline for the project, various factors may affect the overall duration and the necessary budget to refurbish the Great Northern Hotel. 2. INTRODUCTION AND METHODOLOGY This report was requested by the chief executive of RAM-led consortium, before the beginning of Great Northern Hotel refurbishment. Our team was asked to submit its findings by 26th of May, 2010. The purpose of this report is to investigate what are the possible threats for this refurbishment project and to analyze how their impact can be minimized. Our team has responded to this request by developing a list of potential risks that might affect the refurbishment project and by carrying out a thorough risk analysis, as understanding the nature of risks is a precondition for a proper response, and also by suggesting appropriate recommendations for minimizing negative impact on the project. The objective of this report is not to eliminate risk or uncertainty, but to take a fundamental look into the future of the refurbishment project and to identify possible threats. By risk, our team understands the possibility of something happening that can affect the prospects of achieving project goals (Maylor, 2003, page 192). Nevertheless, our team also took into consideration several other risk definitions, all of them underlying the same idea. Some examples of definitions our team has worked with are listed bellow: Risks are those factors that may cause a failure to meet the projects objectives (Burke, 2003, page 253) Risk is the expected consequences of an event and the probability that the event might occur (Kendrick, 2003, page 2) The possibility of suffering harm or loss (Maylor, 2003, page 192) Considering its limitations of identifying all risks that might affect the refurbishment project as it is almost impossible to foresee all future events our team used these definitions in order to outline major areas of risks for construction projects, especially for the refurbishment project. To tackle risks, our team applied the risk management plan proposed by Burke (2003), which included the following steps: Identify and categorize risks Quantify and prioritize risks Develop risk response/managing risks Risk identification is considered to be the most significant part of risk management process (Burke, 2003), as risks that are not identified can have negative consequences on the project. For this step, our team chose to consider multiple techniques in outlining major areas of risk for the refurbishment project. Our main method implied categorizing risks, as this method can lead to the identification of specific problems (Kendrick, 2003). Our team mainly looked at projects objectives to define potential external and internal sources for risks. In doing this, our team focused on some of the methods indicated by Burke (2003), such as having meeting with experts and with members of the personnel to share risks experiences as previous experience can contribute to risk identification -, having constant brainstorming sessions and also analyzing historical records and reports on previous construction projects. After collecting results from the methods mentioned, our team applied a cause-effect analysis to identify risks for the refurbishment project. After having identified a range of potential risks, our team tried to measure the impact they could have on the project. Assessing how likely an event is to occur and determine the extent of the effect of the event (Maylor, 2003, page 195) is known in project risk management as risk quantification procedure. Risk quantification also implies undertaking a risk priority analysis (Burke, 2003), in order to establish what areas of risks to address first. For this maneuver, a Probability/Impact Matrix has been created to measure the level of risk and to prioritize potential risks. Final step undertaken by our team was to develop responses for the identified risks. In risk management, after identifying risks, they can either be reduced or mitigated in some way (Maylor, 2003). There are several procedures to respond to risks (Burke, 2003), among which: Eliminate risks avoiding the risk by removing cause (Burke, 2003, page 262) Mitigate risks reducing risk probability and impact (Burke, 2003, page 262) Deflect risks transfer the risk to another party (Burke, 2003, page 263) Accept risks As eliminating risks completely cannot always be a successful procedure, our team has chosen to combine the above mentioned procedures and offered solutions for eliminating, mitigating and deflecting risks. 3. FINDINGS 3.1 GENERAL CONSTRUCTION RISKS Before listing the results of the analysis undertaken for the refurbishment project, this report will outline some of the risks that are generally affecting construction projects. This information will contribute to a better understanding of potential risks a construction project may imply and it can influence part of the decisions concerning further risk monitoring and control for the refurbishment project. Based on data collected from meetings with experts and with members of the personnel, from brainstorming sessions and from the analysis of different reports of previous construction projects, out team concluded that there are several ways of classifying risks in construction projects. Our team has elaborated the following classification to underline possible areas of risks for construction projects: Financial risks which can include labor and material work or extra charges from contractors or suppliers Time risks which can include delays caused by different factors, major discrepancies between estimate and actual durations Technological risks which can include misinterpreted construction procedures or design assumptions or unplanned site conditions Socioeconomic factors such as environmental organizations or economic instability Organizational factors such as communication between workers, contractual relations Operational risks such as construction defects, labor risks, quality insufficiencies Generally, data analyzed revealed the fact that construction projects are more inclined to risks, as they rely on multiple factors to achieve their goals, such as material suppliers, labor force, site conditions, quality surveillance and fixed budgets. Moreover, results also suggested that construction projects have a higher degree of uncertainty than other types of projects, as they can be easily influenced and affected by weather condition or political and economic climate. The conclusion our team reached is that the refurbishment project can also be affected by the above mentioned factors and that a detailed risk management plan is compulsory to be developed for the project to reach its goals. 3.2 IDENTIFYING RISKS FOR REFURBISHMENT PROJECT Results collected from our meetings with experts and personnel members, from our brainstorming sessions and from the analysis of previous reports on construction projects indicated that for the refurbishment of Great Northern Hotel multiple areas of risks should be taken into consideration. From the areas identified, our team will outline through this report the first major categories of risks that could affect the refurbishment project. These categories are: Time risks Costs risks Quality risks A cause-effect analysis has been undertaken in order to identify time, costs and quality risks by considering the objectives of the refurbishment project. The findings are listed in the following pages. For a better understanding of our analysis, our team included the objectives of the refurbishment project. The project has three main objectives: Refurbish the Victorian-build Great Northern Hotel by early 2011 Constructing a new boutique hotel, with 94 luxury bedrooms, a bar and a restaurant by late 2011 Open the hotel in time for London Olympics 2012 By applying a cause-effect analysis, our team identified risks on time, costs and quality, their causes and effects. The risks are listed in the following pages: I. Time risks Severe delays in refurbishing the hotel Major differences between estimate time and actual time in constructing the new boutique, the bar and the restaurant Grand opening postponed with two months Workers strike Causes: Personnel causes illness, deaths Technical problems problems with work equipment Problems with suppliers equipments not delivered on time Weak communication among personnel Changes in contract between client and contractor Lack of risk management among workers Organizational culture conflicts Weather volatility Lack of detail work plans from contractor Necessary approvals not given on time Effects: Severe delays Slow progress Delays in money allocation for work equipment Project failure II. Costs Risks Insufficient budget for refurbishment Higher costs for construction of new boutique Currency fluctuation Hotel not opened in time for the Olympics Causes: Increases in labor and material costs from suppliers Higher bills from contractor on work progress Instable economy Emergency situation, such as extra equipment or extra personnel Effects: Over-budget Slow progress Activity stopped Project failure III. Quality risks Poor building condition Low quality refurbishment Weak structure for new construction Law quality of material used Causes: Unstable structure of old building Lack of professionalism Misinterpretation of work tasks Incorrect design assumptions Effects: Delays caused by additional works Objectives not achieved on time Over-budget Project failure RISK QUANTIFICATION Next step undertaken by our team was risk quantification, in order to measure risks probability and to establish their priority. This report includes a Probability/Impact Matrix for the risks identified. The Matrix has been developed using the analysis results following our meetings with experts and staff members, our brainstorming sessions and from the analysis of previous reports on construction projects. Risks Probability/Impact Matrix Probability and Impact have been rated on a scale from 1 to 4, where 1 = Unlikely/Minor, 2 = Possible/Moderate, 3 = Likely/Major, 4 = Almost certain/Critical Risks Probability Impact 1. Severe delays in refurbishing the hotel 3 4 2. Major differences between estimate and actual time in constructing new boutique, bar and restaurant 2 3 3. Grand opening postponed with 2 months 2 2 4. Workers strike 2 1 5. Insufficient budget for refurbishment 2 3 6. Higher costs for construction of new boutique 2 2 7.Currency fluctuation 2 1 8.Hotel not opened in time for the Olympics 3 4 9.Poor building condition 3 4 10.Low quality refurbishment 1 2 11.Weak structure for new construction 2 3 12.Low quality of materials used 1 1 By rating Probability and Impact for the identified risks, our team also prioritized them, as follows: I. Major risks (Major Impact, Likely Probability): Severe delays in refurbishing the hotel Hotel not opened in time for the Olympics Poor building condition II. Moderate risks (Moderate Impact/Possible Probability): Major differences between estimate and actual time in constructing new boutique, bar and restaurant Grand opening postponed with 2 months Insufficient budget for refurbishment Higher costs for construction of new boutique Weak structure for new construction III. Minor risks (Minor Impact/Unlikely Probability) Workers strike Currency fluctuation Low quality refurbishment Low quality of materials used RISK RESPONSE AND RECOMMENDATIONS Based on the results of risk identification, quantification and priority, our team makes the following recommendations: For eliminating risks, the client/contractor should: Obtain necessary approvals before starting the refurbishment Check material quality before beginning the refurbishment Before signing contract with suppliers, include statements on fixed costs and material delivery schedule/replacement Have more meetings between client and contractor before signing the contract, to clarify each detail Severely check workers background before hiring them For mitigating risks, the client/contractor should: Name a risk management committee and include a risk management plan Carry out condition surveys and measure surveys to establish building condition Elaborate a risk management plan focused on individuals Monitor timetables and ask for weekly detail work plans and proof on progress Include weekly quality controls Allocate extra money for unplanned events in the tendering period Include morning meetings with workers to explain details on tasks Offer common lunch for workers to improve communication For deflecting risks, the client/contractor should: Hire an Audit company to keep track of accuracy in billings and work progress 4. CONCLUSIONS This report outlines what potential risks can a refurbishment project encounter alongside its duration. By using appropriate methods for identifying the risks and their causes, the report highlights what impact these risks can have on the project and to what extent they can be measured and prioritized. The report also includes a set of recommendations for eliminating, mitigating or deflecting potential risks. By making this report, our team reached the following conclusions: Most decisions in construction projects are based on incomplete information with an associated level of uncertainty about the outcome (Burke, 2003, page 252) In construction/ refurbishment projects, level of uncertainty can reach a high level in multiple areas No project should start before developing a risk management plan Managing risks should follow fixed steps Identification, Quantification, Prioritizing and Risk response and use as many sources as possible when reaching these steps Risk response should combine different procedures to eliminate, mitigate, deflect or accept risks Before deciding for one of these procedures, a cost/benefit analysis should be undertaken For refurbishment projects it is very difficult to identify all risks, as they are more inclined to risks than other types of projects and can be easily affected by politics or by economic climate This report also includes outputs from Microsoft Projects on project scheduling, resources, task and finances developed by our team, in the Appendices chapter. This report counts 2365 words.

Global Warming Essay -- Climate Change, Greenhouse Gases

Global Warming    Even before Homo erectus first stood up on his hind legs, humans have had an enormous influence over the environment and atmosphere. They have used land, oceans, and other natural resources to help further their expansion and growth. Unfortunately, while the human race flourished, the atmosphere and environment did not. Humans released toxins into the air with their large-scale fires and killed many species to extinction. However, global warming is one of the largest and most current dilemmas the Earth is facing. Over the past century, the temperature of the Earth’s surface has risen 1 ° C and in the past fifty years, humans have been the primary cause of the warming of our planet. One of the major confusions in environmental issues today is the concept of the â€Å"greenhouse effect†. People identify this term in a very negative fashion when in fact the greenhouse effect is what keeps Earth’s temperature livable for organisms such as humans. Energy from the sun heats up Earth’s surface and in turn the Earth radiates some of that heat back into space. The purpose of the atmosphere is to trap some of the â€Å"greenhouse gases† and energy in order to keep temperatures similar to what they are today as well as protect from extreme temperatures. However, complications arise when the concentration of the greenhouse gases increase. Before the Industrial revolution, human activities did not have such a drastic effect on the atmosphere. Yet, as the population of humans on Earth grew, more gases began to be emitted into the atmosphere where they accumulated and remained. One of the most detrimental gases to the atmosphere, carbon dioxide, is accumulating at an alarmingly fast rate. Currently, about half of the carbon dioxi... ...her living creatures. Educating the public about the causes and effects of global warming is a step that many countries, states, and cities have taken. One local example is the â€Å"Walk! Philadelphia† campaign which encourages people to walk or use public transportation to reduce the use of cars. Currently, international and government agencies are thinking of ways to monitor and reduce the amount of greenhouse gases released into the air. I am optimistic that our government and governments from all over the world are working hard to overcome the causes and effects of global warming. While any large-scale change will be gradual, there is no doubt in my mind that we will fix the atmospheric problems to the best of our ability. Source Cited Environmental Protection Agency’s Global Warming website at: http://yosemite.epa.gov/oar/globalwarming.nsf/content/index.html

Comparing Mary Anne in Sweetheart of the Song Tra Bong and Kurtz in Apo

Comparing Mary Anne in Sweetheart of the Song Tra Bong and Kurtz in Apocalypse Now  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   In 1979, Francis Coppola released a film that he said he hoped "would give its audience a sense of the horror, the madness, the sensuousness, and the moral dilemma of the Vietnam war" (as quoted in Hagen 230). His film, Apocalypse Now, based on Joseph Conrad's 1902 novel Heart of Darkness, is the story of Captain Benjamin Willard's (Martin Sheen) journey to the interior of the jungle of Southeastern Asia for the purpose of executing his orders to track down Colonel Walter E. Kurtz (Marlon Brando). Once Kurtz is located, Willard is to "terminate his command with extreme prejudice" because Kurtz has raised an army of deserters and natives, whom he rules over like a fanatical war lord- When Willard finally reaches Kurtz's compound and meets him, he discovers a man who has descended into primitive barbarism. From the beginning of their encounter, Kurtz knows why Willard was sent to find him and makes no effort to stop Willard from slaying him with a machete. With his mission accomplished, Willard boards the boat that will take him. back to civilization. Tim O'Brien's story "Sweetheart of the Song Tra Bong" is like Apocalypse Now in that it is also about a character who "crossed to the other side." Her name is Mary Anne and her boyfriend, Mark Fossie, has her shipped over to Vietnam to be with him. However, instead of reacting to the atmosphere of the war as Fossie thougbt she would, she becomes fascinated with the mystery of it, and over the course of the story is completely drawn in by the jungle's allure. Over a period of weeks, she disappears on ambushes with a nearby squad of Green Berets and when finally confronted by Fossie, he fi... ...e Now (1979): Joseph Conrad and the Television War." Hollvwood As Historian: American Film in a Cultural Context. Ed. Peter C. Rollins. Kentucky: The University Press of Kentucky, 1983. 230-245. O'Brien, Tim. "How to Tell a True War Story," Writing As Re-Vision: A Studenl's Anthology Ed. Beth Alvarado and Barbara Cully. Needham Heights, MA: Simon and Schuster Custom Publishing, 1996. 550-558. __________. "Sweetheart of the Song Tra Bong,." The Things They Carried. New York: Viking Penguin. 1990. 101-125. __________. "The Vietnam in Me." Writing As Re- Vision: A Student's Antholoqy. 559-571. Phillips, Gene D. Conrad and Cinema: The Art of Adaptation. New York: Peter Lang Publishing, Inc., 1995. Watts, Cedric. 'Heart of Darkness.' The Cambridge Companion to Joseph Conrad. Ed. J.H. Stape. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. 45-62.      

Attribution theory :: essays research papers

ATTRIBUTION THEORY OF FRITZ HEIDER Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This article starts off by a man having his wife serve on a jury in a federal case involving conspiracy, racketeering, drug dealing, armed robbery, and extortion. There were seven defendants and one that escaped from police custody. The key government witness was an ex-gang member named Larry who was called â€Å"the Canary† by the defendants because he turned informer. For two months Jean, the wife, listened to Larry’s testimony and tried to figure out whether his account of the incident was credible or not. A question in her mind was that whether his behavior on the stand was that of pathological liar, a rejected pal seeking revenge, a petty crook who would say anything to save his own skin, or and honest witness dedicated to the truth? All this falls into Fritz Heider’s attribution theory saying that we all tend to rationalize in the same way. Fritz said that the theory of attribution is the process of drawing inferences. This would be seeing a person act and immediately reaching a conclusion that goes beyond mere sensory information. Example: Larry yawns while on the stand. Your immediate conclusive reaction would be â€Å"is he bored, afraid, tired, or indifferent†. In the article it says that Heider would see us as naà ¯ve psychologist bringing common sense to bear on an interpersonal judgment. It also says that we can’t help it to make these judgments. This is because we make personality judgments in order to explain otherwise confusing behavior. Heider says that there’s another reason for making causal inferences from behavior. The reason is because we want to know what to expect in the future. He says prediction is a survival skill. Example: Jean comes face-to-face with one of the defendants, in her jury trail, outside a train station. Mildly anxious, she quickly turned aside. Accurate attributions can help us know which people might do us harm. The article also talks about attribution as being a three-step process through which we perceive others as causal agents. The three-step process talked about includes perception of the action (You saw it), judgment of intention (You/they meant to do that), and attribution of disposition (What you think of the action). Analysis   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To begin, in the case with Jean trying to figure out whether Larry’s story was credible and how to categorize his behavior. In my opinion I would think him turning informer

Organizational Behavior across Cultures Essay

Cultural differences are inevitable in the world of today; the world is indeed an amalgamation of different cultures composed of diverse attitudes and values. People act in reference to the cultural features that define them. The distinctive nature of cultures brings sharp differences that people need to learn how to cope with, and embrace in their interactions (McFarlin & Sweeney, 2013). The most significant aspect is appreciating cultural differences and developing sensitivity towards cultural diversity. Without such, people from different cultural backgrounds often find it hard to relate effectively, and this leads to conflict. Organizational behavior is an example of many realms that cultural differences affect. Whenever an organization has employees from different cultural orientations, it is evident that the interaction amongst them will require cultural sensitivity in order to cultivate effective organizational relations. Literature Review                  In the wake of the globalization age, organizations are employing people from different cultures. Gelfand, Erez and Aycan (2007) assert that the importance of expatriates in the corporate world is increasing; hence, people are crossing boarders to find employment in other countries. Of course, this trend implies that different cultures will have to connect and meet organizational objectives. Certainly, an organization should develop structures of embracing cultural diversity by encouraging its employees to embrace sensitivity towards one another. In a cross-cultural environment, leadership is significant in realizing coherence among the employees. This fosters a robust organizational behavior by instilling cultural sensitivity among the employees (Gelfand, Erez and Aycan, 2007). In reference to the case study, John moves from Germany to the UAE for employment purposes. The culture at home is different from the culture in the UAE, thus he has to adjust to the organizational culture of the new environment. This emphasizes the point that different countries have different cultural trends. Saunders (2010) highlights that culture is richly embedded in values, norms and attitudes that defines it. People’s personalities and behavior stems from their cultural trends and beliefs. Thus, the organizational culture of an organization is influenced by the collective and individual cultural features of its employees. The unique features of the employees affect the way they relate to each other; hence influencing the organizational behavior (Saunders, 2010). For instance, a person’s religious beliefs and approach towards creating relationships have a huge impact on how he relates with other people. Cultural differences have being a source of conflict among employees, as every one seeks to practice his or her identity (Saunders, 2010). In such instances, it is important to note that managing the conflict from a cultural perspective is paramount. Since cultural diversity is the cause of the discontent, it is essential to address the cultural differences in a viable wa y. This will go a long way in creating a good environment for the employees. Based on the case study, it is true that Ahmad does not appreciate John’s insensitive nature to the culture of the UAE. As a devoted Muslim, Ahmad expected John to respect the month of Ramadan and ascribe to its rules because it is a significant religious practice in the UAE. The rude response from Ahmad surprises John because he did not violate the rules of Ramadan intentionally. Ahmad appears to uphold his cultural standards more than the professional standard, bearing in mind that John is his senior in the organization. Evidently, cultural differences have the capacity to influence the organizational behavior in an institution. Organizational behavior in a cross-cultural environment requires the individual and collective responses from the employees. It is evident that cultural diversity is a universal phenomenon that has an immense influence in the organizational culture of organizations. Fischer et al. (2005) posit that without effective management of cultural differences in an organization, it is certain that employees cannot develop feasible relationships to attain organizational goals and objectives. Fostering efficient relationships in a cross-cultural environment calls for employees and the leadership to enact cultural sensitive structures of adapting to the cultural diversity (Obinna and Farkas, 2011). Cultural intelligence is a significant element of embracing cultural diversity. Through cultural intelligence, an organization is able to appreciate the diverse cultural features in it, and work towards developing viable relationships aimed at achieving results. At the individual level, employees shou ld develop emotional intelligence in order to embrace and realize the beauty in cultural diversity. Valuing the cultural dimensions of fellow employees is paramount in encouraging a vibrant organizational behavior in a cross-cultural environment. The information above is true in relation to the case study. After realizing that he had violated the cultural rules of the UAE, John responded well by apologizing to Ahmad. Moreover, Ahmad also apologized to John for being rude and for not considering that he was from a different cultural background. The effective communication that ensued was vital in establishing a good relationship between John and the other employees. Cultural sensitivity was instrumental in developing efficient relationships in the organization. Conclusion                  Indeed, cultural diversity is a global trend that is not only unique to the UAE, but also to other parts of the world. It is important for the management of companies and organizations to manage cultural differences in the right way in order to build strong and efficient relationships among employees. This calls for embracing cultural diversity and valuing the contributions of every employee in an organization. References Gelfand, M.J., Erez, M. and Aycan, Z. (2007). Cross-Cultural Organizational Behavior. Annual Review of Psychology, 58 (479-514). Fischer, R., Ferreira, M.C., Asmar, E.R., Redford, P., and Harb, C. (2005). Organizational Behavior across Cultures. International Journal of Cross-Cultural Management, 5(1) 27-48. McFarlin, D. B., & Sweeney, P. D. (2013). International organizational behavior transcending borders and cultures. New York: Routledge. Obinna, A.K. and Farkas, M.K. (2011). Cultural Conflict Management for Firms and Organizations. International Journal of Business and Management Studies, 3(2). Saunders, M. (2010). Organizational trust: a cultural perspective. New York: Cambridge University Press. Source document

Beauty Pageants and Our Children Essay

Alost 3 million barbarianren, almost of them girls, from the ages of 6 months and 17 years grapple in debaucher boastings annuall(a)y in America. Competition can be topical anaesthetic and national and they compete in categories much(prenominal) as swimwear, talent, costume of your choice, and eveningwear. This is an industry where bring forths arrive at her daughter capacity drinks for a throw out before showrys, 3-year-olds don bastard fingernails, and p bents on a regular basis spend five thousand dollars on a pip-squeaks ostentation outfit (ONeill 1). Beauty vaunts have forbid consequences on Americas jejuneness objectors through the drag to be perfect, media influences, and chela sexualization, which results in exhaustion, eating dis fixs, and dead body flick issues in their future.In recent years, the tyke strike pageant industry has expvirtuosontially gr accept in size and popularity. This emergence is mainly due to television exposes, such(prenomi nal)(prenominal) as Toddlers & Tiaras and Here Comes H acey wench tinkers dam that may be socialize but exploit little girls in the process. These reality shows expose the piece of ass-the-scenes abuses of mantrap pageants that most people were oblivious overly before. These shows have also revealed the use of energy supplements to improve the contestants per arrive atance, age-inappropriate costumes, intense and painful strike regimens.Alana Thompson, featured on TLCs Toddlers & Tiaras, is a seven-year-old beauty queen, nicknamed H unrivaledy Boo Boo, whose mother frequently gives her the infamous Go-Go juice, a mix of personnel casualty red cent and Mountain Dew, before pageants. It is frequent familiarity that energy drinks atomic number 18 bad for ones wellness, but ein truth nutritionist in the world would agree that Red Bull for a seven-year-old is awfully dangerous. Alana standardised a shot has her own reality television show Here Comes Honey Boo Boo.Parent s are non only harming their squirtrens health but also their moral. On one Toddlers & Tiaras episode, Paisley, merely 3-years-old, sported a costume establish on the prostitute in sanely Woman. In a 2011 episode, Madiysyn Mady Versts mother filled out the then-4-year-olds government agency with fake breasts and an impossibly round behind for a Dolly Parton routine. Experts in peasant development surround the difference among playing dress-up and making a work out of it. Little girls are sibyllic to play with dolls, not be dolls, says object Sichel, a New York-based licensed clinical social worker, who calls the extreme grooming common at pageants a form of peasant abuse. Playing dress-up is normal and healthy, but when its demanded, it leaves the churl not knowing what they want, he says. Accentuating their appearance with such accoutrements as fake hair, teeth, spray tans and breast padding causes the children tremendous confusion, wondering why they are not okay witho ut those things (Triggs 1).All of this confusion and body see problems is instilled in child beauty pageant contestants at a very(prenominal) girlish age. Ultimately, this leads to eating disorders, psychological issues, and affinity problems in the contestants later years. A deliberate conducted at the University of Minnesota by Anna Wonderlich, Diann Ackard, and Judith Henderson showed the coefficient of correlation amidst childhood beauty pageants and expectant disordered eating, body dissatisfaction, depression, and self-esteem (Wonderlich 1). The results of this scientific experiment proved that for all the tests that assessed characteristics of anorexia and bulimia nervosa scores for those who had participated in beauty pageants were high than scores for those who had not participated (Wonderlich 5).These results indicate a residenceificant association between childhood beauty pageant participation and change magnitude body dissatisfaction, difficulty trusting so cial relationships, and greater impulsive deportments, and indicate a trend toward increased feelings of ineffectiveness (Wonderlich 6). other example of the destructive effect of childhood beauty pageant is Brooke Breedwell, now nineteen, who was a child pageant contestant and a star of the television documentary, Painted Babies. As a girl, Breedwell suffered from stress and anxiety darn striving for an unrealistic standard of ne plus ultra. In mixed interviews, she explains that her mothers ambition, coupled with her own obsessive drive to win, resulted in pure(a) social and psychological consequences (Ahrens 86).Another banish consequence of childhood beauty pageants is the lamentable sexualization of teenage girls that steals away their treasured honoras if eating disorders and body come across problems were not enough. Former child beauty queen Nicole Hunter confirms this theory by explaining that dressing and acting like a woman at a new(a) age compelled her to prem aturely confront her sexuality, which in turn lowered her self-esteem (Liberman 741). The child pageant circuit concentrates on the ideals of perfection and beauty, with an accomp some(prenominal)ing focus on sexuality. bare girls dressed in skimpy costumes order and dance, remove pieces of their outfits and wink at judges. Basically, young beauty queens are taught to take on and manipulate their early sexuality in order to win.Though frequently condemned for such eccentric and damaging practices, the child pageant industry has been gaining success and extensive popularity (Liberman 745). Additionally, reporter Richard Goldstein investigated the JonBenet Ramsey, a child beauty queen, mutilate case and brought to the surface both our horror at how effectively a child can be constructed as a sexual being and our guilt at the please we take in such a sight (Giroux 50). Her dynamic parting in pageants was vastly examined by media aft(prenominal) the murder. After JonBenets highly air murder, the problems of child beauty pageants, especially the debasement of young girls, are first brought to inns attention.Although many pageant upraises argue that the press unfairly focused on the connection of beauty pageants to Jon Benets murder, these defenders seldom address the concerns of robbing a child of her fair play by depicting young girls as sexualized nymphets. They have little to say close what adolescents actually gain in pageants. Those in favor of the pageants overlook how a child might see herself and her ability to form relationships with society when her feelings of self-worth is defined solely through a belief that beauty is elongate and patronizing (Giroux 54-55).No five-year-old child enjoys acquiring her hair ripped out and teased, spending hours individually day practicing exhausting dance routines, or devoting every weekend traveling to pageants alternatively than playing with friends. It is the beauty pageant contestants mother who forces them to endure these toilsome and some prison terms painful rituals in order to achieve their own satisfaction. When feminist writer-performer, StaceyAnn get up first saw Toddlers & Tiaras she was flabbergasted by the parents who were so invested in these contests they got angry if their girls showed any signs of flagging. In regards to the infamous pageant moms, chin states that, the pageant reminded me a little of traverse showstiny, powerless competitors trained to do as they are told, with trainers who exploit their charges to gain fame and risk and live out some obsolescent dream they once had for themselves (Chin 1).The vast bulk of pageant moms deny the harmful effects beauty pageants have own their child. show mothers often neutralize their deviant behavior of enrolling their daughter in pageants by claiming pageants armed service their daughter rather than hurt. Also, mothers deny their own responsibility as the accountable parent by claiming that her daughter choo ses to participate in beauty pageants (Pannell 68). Every single pageant mom asked in a matter well-nigh childhood beauty pageants talked about competitors winning prize money, crowns, trophies and gifts in child beauty pageants (Mosel-Talavera 81).Some mothers deceptively sign their children up for pageants to exploit their daughters financially. One pageant mother says that there is a very infamous pageant child that forever wins a large sum of money, on that point is one little girl rout South shes the daughter of one of the biggest known photographers. In six weeks time she went from pageant to pageant and won like $40,000. In the summer of 2005, there was some other child, whose mother also owns a pageant business, who won three cars at pageants (Levey 204-205). These examples clearly reveal the evils of parents exploiting their children in pageants for their own self-seeking rewards.In childhood beauty pageants, the pressure from parents, influence from the media, and the desire to win all lead to disastrous consequences for the participants, which will prevail with them for the rest of their life. Eating disorders, body image issues, and an early loss of innocence are just a few of the consequences these preciously girls will have to deal with in their lifetime. No child should have to shinny with these problems at such a young age. Although little girls dressed up in frilly dresses and tiaras may be cute, there is a fine line between a fun beauty pageant and ruining a young girls life.